Lesser Beasts: A Snout-to-Tail History of the Humble Pig (33 page)

punishing animals,
96–97

reasons for meat regulations,
13–14

Western civilizations’ condemnation of pigs,
10

See also
Christianity

Renaissance

Dark Ages and,
77–78

modern bacon festival,
252

pigs’ similarity to humans,
13–14

pork defining status,
106–110

sex and pork,
110–111

Res nullius
(empty things),
134

Research, scientific,
237–238

Richard III
(Shakespeare),
95

Rickets,
214

River Cottage Meat Book
(Fearnley-Whittingstall),
255

Rollin, Bernard,
233–234

Roman Empire
See also
Pork dole, Roman,
71–72
,
74
,
163–164

agriculture,
72–74

boars in myths,
83

conquest of Palestine,
63–64

curing pork,
86

Dark Ages following the fall of,
77–78

medieval European culture and,
82–85

pig breeding,
73–76

pig drives,
163–164

pork-based cuisine,
65–66
,
68–72

Roosevelt, Theodore,
199

Root vegetables,
22

Ruminants,
20
,
22

Sacrifice, ritual,
56
,
67
,
68(fig.)
,
75

Salian Franks,
80

Salt, curing meat with,
85–86
,
169

Salt-food industry,
113
,
140
,
178

Sanitation

cholera resulting from contamination,
184

confined pig farming,
215

domestication of pigs and other animals,
40–41

manure lagoons,
225–226

medieval European cities’ ban on pigs,
95–96

New York’s hog population,
181–183

pig’s contribution to,
49–51

urbanization and,
49

See also
Scavenging

Satyricon
(film),
65–66
,
74

Sausage,
1
,
65
,
69
,
109–110
,
128
,
176
,
196–197
,
256

Saxons,
105–106

Scavenging

Christian view of pigs,
91

Corn Belt hog raising,
157–158

domestication of the pig,
40–41

feeding pigs garbage,
203–204

human anxiety over,
11–12

Jewish pork prohibition,
55

medieval European cities’ ban on pigs,
95–96

Nile delta food-provisioning system,
44–45

pigs’ consumption of agricultural by-products,
111
,
112(fig.)
,
113

pigs’ contribution to sanitation,
49–51

Roman sanitation practices,
75

urban pigs,
181–182

wild boars,
38

wolves,
36–37

See also
Sanitation

Schell, Orville,
222

Schlosser, Eric,
222

Scientific American
magazine,
215–216

Scott, Walter,
105–106

Scully, Matthew,
249

Self-domestication of pigs,
36

Self-sufficiency of pigs,
7

Seneca,
71

Sex, pork and,
110
,
252

Shakespeare, William,
95
,
110

Sheep

Anglo-Saxon settlements,
151

Artiodactyla,
18–19

by-products,
8

colonial American agriculture,
136

disease transmitted by,
57

domestication of,
33–34
,
40

driving,
163

Europe after the Black Death,
111

European migration,
79–81
,
84

global mutton production,
179

Jewish dietary laws,
59

lack of intelligence,
22–23

Latin American conquest,
128

linguistic history,
106

Near East farming,
28
,
32
,
44
,
46–48
,
51–52

ritual sacrifice,
68(fig.)

Roman culture,
69
,
72–73
,
75

temperament of,
13

Sherman Antitrust Act (1902),
198

Shuanghui International,
236

The Simpsons
(television program),
9

Sinclair, Upton,
173–174
,
195–196

Slatted floors,
214–215
,
226
,
231
,
250

Slaughtering,
189(fig.)

home slaughter,
190–193

industrialization of,
165
,
168

literary reference to,
191–192

of a beloved pig,
189–191

public suspicion of Chicago meatpackers,
197–202

slaughterhouse conditions,
195–197

tainting the public image of pork,
248

See also
Pork packing industry

Smell, pigs’ sense of,
20–21

Smith, Adam,
111
,
170

Smithfield Foods,
223–224
,
236
,
241
,
245

Snout,
20–21
,
238

Social behavior of pigs,
238–239

Social class

economic impact of closing the Southern states’ open range,
187–188

equating the lower class with pigs,
183

global meat trade improving working class nutrition,
179–180

New York’s hog wars,
181–182

pork as the meat of the poor,
4
,
12
,
45
,
48
,
56
,
109–110
,
115
,
180–193
,
200
,
205

Somatosensory cortex,
20–21

South America

beef and mutton production,
179

colonization by Spanish pigs,
123–126

corn-fed stock,
155

switching from pigs to cattle and sheep,
151

Soybeans,
211–212
,
214
,
227–228
,
236–237

Spain

Columbian exchange,
119–123

conquest in the Western Hemisphere,
123–127
,
148(fn)

English colonization and,
131–132

ownership of American lands,
134

pork as a symbol of faith,
101–103

Spice trade,
84–85

Squanto,
133

Status, pork defining,
106–109

Stereotypic behavior in confinement farms,
230

Stolba, Alex,
237–239

Sty pigs,
114
,
116–117
,
188

Subsidies, farm: confinement operations,
227–228

Sugarcane production,
128–129

Suidae,
24–25

Sumptuary laws,
71
,
252–253

Sus scrofa,
25
,
28–29
,
30(fig.)
,
35–36
,
78
,
147–148

Sus scrofa domesticus,
79
,
127
,
147–148

Sweat glands, pigs’ lack of,
92–93

Swine, etymology of,
105

Taboos against pork consumption.
See
Cleanliness
;
Religious traditions

Taino people,
120–122

Tainted meat,
198–199

Talbott, Chuck,
246

Tamworth breed,
208
,
245
,
250

Tankage,
176

Tapeworms,
50–51

Taurus Mountains, Turkey,
27

Taxes

paying for confinement farming,
227–228

Roman pig tax,
71

Taxonomic anomaly, pigs as,
55

Tayassuidae,
24–25

Teeth

grass eaters,
19

pigs’ compared to cows’,
19–20
,
21(fig.)

similarity of porcine to human,
15–17
,
17(fig)

tusks,
24
,
84

Telegraph,
170

Tell Halif, Israel,
47

Temperament of leaner pigs,
219

Tesco supermarkets,
246

Theodore of Tarsus,
94–95

Tobacco production,
136

Toby the learned pig,
6(fig.)

Tribal cultures,
106

Trichinosis,
56–57
,
202–204

Trollope, Frances,
150
,
167–168

Truffle sows,
5

Turkey,
27–28

Uncleanness of pork.
See
Cleanliness

Ungulates,
18–20
,
22

Varro,
73
,
86

Vegetable oils replacing lard,
209

Vegetarianism

ancient diets,
68

animal welfare and,
248
,
250

biblical,
58–59

Venison,
85
,
137
.
See also
Deer

Verrazzano, Giovanni da,
133

Vertical integration,
224

Vices and pig welfare,
229–230

Virgin-soil epidemic,
123

Visigoths,
101–102

Vitamin B12,
212

Vitamin D,
214

Warren Wilson College, North Carolina,
3

Warthogs,
24

Washington, George,
159–160

Waste disposal,
226

The Wealth of Nations
(Smith),
111
,
170

Welfare pig,
242

Whiskey, corn production and,
156

White, E. B.,
12–13
,
189–190

White pigs, Roman,
74–76

Whole Foods,
242–243

Whole-animal utilization,
254–256

Wild boars,
4
,
25
,
28–29
,
30(fig.)
,
37–38
.
See also
Feral swine

Wilder, Laura Ingalls,
149
,
151

Wildfowl,
108–109

Willamette Valley, Oregon,
145
,
147

William the Conqueror,
105–106

Williams, Roger,
134–135
,
137
,
142

Willis, Paul,
243–244

Winthrop, John,
133–134

Woburn breed,
159–160

Wodehouse, P. G.,
189

Wolves,
36–38

Wood, William,
133

Wood-Gush, David,
237–239

Woodlands Pork,
246

Wool industry,
111

Working class.
See
Social class

Yule,
80