Men in Black (26 page)

4.
Ibid., 2685.

5.
Sandra Day O’Connor, Remarks before American Academy of Appellate Lawyers, November 7, 2005. Available at www.appellateacademy.org.

6.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “A Decent Respect to the Opinions of [Human]kind,” The Value of a Comparative Perspective in Constitutional Adjudication, February 7, 2006. Available at http://www.supremecourtus.gov/publicinfo/speeches/sp_02-07b-06.html.

Preface: Men, Not Gods

1.
David Pannick, “Supreme justice warts and all,”
The Times
, March 16, 1993; Jules Loh, Associated Press, April 19, 1979; Fred Barbash, “Unveiling Ignited Great Debate; Some Founders Went Forward to Power, Others to Poverty,”
Washington Post
, September 17, 1987; Stephen Labaton, “Bankruptcy Is Better for Petitioners in America,”
New York Times
, January 23, 1990; Michael Beebe and Dan Herbeck, “Laws for dealing with those failing to pay have long history,”
Buffalo News
, October 12, 1997.

2.
David J. Garrow, “Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court: The Historical Case for a 28th Amendment,” 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 995, 998–99 (Fall 2000).

3.
Chris Mould, “Special Constitution Package: The original 13 states. South Carolina: A gentleman, a scholar and a madman,” United Press International, August 25, 1987.

4.
John M. Broder, “While Congress Is Away, Clinton Toys With Idea of an End Run,”
New York Times
, November 24, 1997; Garrow, “Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court,” 1000.

5.
Richard Brookhiser, Book Review, “Duels, Deals and Down-and-Dirty Politics; Affairs of Honor—National Politics in the New Republic,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 30, 2001.

6.
Garrow, “Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court,” 1002 (citations omitted).

7.
Ibid., 1003–04.

8.
Ibid., 1007.

9.
William H. Rehnquist,
The Supreme Court
(Knopf: New York, 2001), 98.

10.
Morning Edition
, transcript of interview with Leon Friedman, NPR, January 3, 1994; Richard D. Friedman, “How to prevent justices from staying too long; Commentary; A committee of family members and colleagues is best suited to tell a Supreme Court member when it is finally time to step down,”
Detroit News
, October 28, 2003.

11.
Earl Raab, “With 2 Jews on court, official anti-Semitism ends,”
Jewish Bulletin
, May 27, 1994.

12.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “Justice, Guardian of Liberty,”
Forward
, May 30, 2003. Available at www.forward.com/issues/2003/03. 05. 30/oped1.html.

13.
Andrew L. Kaufman,
Cardozo
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 480.

14.
John Knox,
The Forgotten Memoir of John Knox
(Dennis J. Hutchinson and David J. Garrow, eds., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 51.

15.
Roger K. Newman,
Hugo Black: A Biography
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), 604.

16.
Ibid., 597.

17.
Ibid., 604.

18.
Ibid., 620.

19.
Jerry Schwartz, “Alger Hiss, Nixon Nemesis, Dead at 92,” Associated Press, November 15, 1996; Sam Tanenhaus,
Whittaker Chambers
(New York: Random House, 1997), 232–33, 374–75.

20.
Paul Craig Roberts and Lawrence M. Stratton,
The New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 38–43, 48–50.

21.
Bruce Allen Murphy,
Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas
(New York: Random House, 2003), 427–28.

22.
Bill Kauffman, “The Ford Impeachment,”
American Enterprise
, May 1, 1999.

23.
Stephen Chapman, “Octogenarian justices are no asset to the court,”
Chicago Tribune
, July 4, 1991.

24.
Charles Lane, “Following Rehnquist,”
Washington Post
, October 30, 2004.

25.
David G. Savage, “In the Matter of Justice Thomas; Silent, Aloof and Frequently Dogmatic, Clarence Thomas’ Judicial Persona Emerges,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 9, 1994; “Best and Worst of the Century,”
Washingtonian
, July 1999; Rehnquist, 198–99.

26.
Kauffman, “The Ford Impeachment.”

27.
Jon Meacham, “Is Little Rock corrupting Washington? C’mon; political scandals before President Clinton,”
Washington Monthly
, May 1994.

28.
Chapman, “Octogenarian justices are no asset to the court.”

29.
Fred Bernstein, “Government Channels,”
People
, September 27, 1982.

30.
Richard Lacayo, “Marshall’s Legacy; A Lawyer Who Changed America,”
Time
, July 8, 1991.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Stuart Taylor, Jr., “Marshall Sounds Critical Note on Bicentennial,”
New York Times
, May 7, 1987.

Chapter One: Radicals in Robes

1.
Edwin Meese III, “How Congress Can Rein in the Courts,”
Hoover Digest
, 1997 No. 4, adapted from IntellectualCapital.com, Volume 2, Issue 16, April 17, 1997, from an article entitled “The Judiciary vs. The Constitution?”

2.
Alexander Hamilton said, “There is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.” Federalist 78,
Federalist Papers
(Clinton Rossiter, ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1961).

3.
In Federalist 45, James Madison wrote, “the powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the Federal Government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite.” Federalist 45,
Federalist Papers
.

4.
John E. Thompson, “What’s the Big Deal? The Unconstitutionality of God in the Pledge of Allegiance,” 38 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 563, Summer 2003, citing John Hart Ely,
Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review
(1980), and Robert Bork,
The Tempting of America: The Usurpation of Law By Politics
(1999) 143–46.

5.
Ibid., citing Bork, 165–66.

6.
Ibid., citing Bork, 1–5, 143–46, 154–55, and Antonin Scalia, “Originalism: The Lesser Evil,” 57 U. Cin. L. Rev. 849, 862–63 (1989)

7.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
, 60 U.S. 393 (1856).

8.
James McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1988), 170–71.

9.
Dred Scott
, 60 U.S. 420.

10.
Abraham Lincoln’s speech on Dred Scott, June 26, 1857. Available at www.teachingamericanhistory.org.

11.
McPherson, 171.

12.
Dred Scott
, 60 U.S. 425–26.

13.
Michael McConnell, “Symposium on Interpreting the Ninth Amendment: A Moral Realist Defense of Constitutional Democracy,” 64 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 89, 101 (1988).

14.
Ibid.

15.
Ibid., citing, 60 U.S. 621 (Curtis, J., dissenting).

16.
Plessy v. Ferguson
, 163 U.S. 537, 539 (1896).

17.
U.S. Constitutional Amendment XIV, § 1.

18.
Plessy
, 163 U.S. 551.

19.
Brown v. Board of Education
, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). The Supreme Court in
Brown
reached the right result but applied the wrong analysis. Rather than flatly rejecting
Plessy
’s faulty reasoning as a Fourteenth Amendment equal protection violation, the Court opened a Pandora’s box of judicial activism moored in sociology and psycho-analysis.

20.
Korematsu v. United States
, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).

21.
U.S. Constitutional Amendment V.

22.
Korematsu
, 323 U.S. 220.

23.
Anthony Kennedy, Speech at the American Bar Association Annual Meeting, August 9, 2003. Available at www.supremecourtus.gov/publicinfo/speeches/sp_08-09-03.html.

24.
Gina Holland, “Supreme Court Justice Applauds Judges for Bucking Tough Sentence Guidelines,” Associated Press, March 17, 2004.

25.
In 2004, the Supreme Court, in
Blakely v. Washington
, ruled that the state of Washington’s sentencing guidelines were unconstitutional.
Blakely v. Washington
, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004). This decision sent shock waves throughout the federal criminal justice system because the question as to whether the
federal
sentencing guidelines were constitutional was not addressed. One federal appellate court, basing its decision on the Supreme Court’s findings, ruled that the federal sentencing guidelines were unconstitutional. Another federal appellate court said the guidelines were constitutional. The
Washington Post
reported that “Defense attorneys [were] flooding U.S. districts courts with requests for new and reduced sentences.” Dan Eggen and Jerry Markon, “High Court Decision Sows Confusion on Sentencing Rules,”
Washington Post
, July 13, 2004. In an effort to end the confusion it had wrought, the Supreme Court has stated that it would settle the issue of whether the federal sentencing guidelines are constitutional in its fall 2004 term. Associated Press, August 3, 2004.

26.
Deborah L. Rhode, “A Tribute To Justice Thurgood Marshall: Letting the Law Catch Up,” 44 Stan. L. Rev. 1259 (1992). Saundra Torry, “Change and Choice at the American Bar Association Convention,”
Washington Post
, August 17, 1992. Former Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr cites this quote in his book,
First Among Equals
(xxvii). In a critique of Starr’s book, Cass Sustein, a former clerk for Justice Marshall, doubts the veracity of such a statement by his former boss. However, two other independent sources (both former law clerks to Justice Marshall) provide confirmation that Justice Marshall made such a statement.

27.
Stenberg v. Carhart
, 530 U.S. 914 (2000).

28.
Brookings Review, January 1, 2000, drawing from the Cardozo Lecture at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York given by Justice Ginsburg on February 11, 1999.

29.
Mark R. Levin and Andrew P. Zappia, “Seek and Ye Shall Find—Ginsburg’s Philosophy,”
New Jersey Law Journal
, July 12, 1993.

30.
Lawrence v. Texas
, 123 S.Ct. 2472, 2481 (2003).

31.
Ibid., at 2483, citing
P.G. & J. H. v. United Kingdom
, App. No. 00044787/98, P 56 (Eur. Ct. H.R., Sept. 25, 2001);
Modinos v. Cyprus
, 259 Eur. Ct. H. R. (1993);
Norrisv. Ireland
, 142 Eur. Ct. H. R. (1988).

32.
Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, Keynote Address Before the Ninety-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, 96 Am. Soc’y Int’l L. Proc. 348, 350 (2002).

33.
Ibid.

34.
Sandra Day O’Connor,
The Majesty of the Law
(New York: Knopf, 2003).

35.
Ibid., 234.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Hope Yen, “O’Connor Extols Role of International Law,” Associated Press, October 27, 2004.

38.
Thompson v. Oklahoma
, 487 U.S. 815, 830 (1988).

Chapter Two: Judicial Review: The Counter-Revolution of 1803

1.
“Thomas Jefferson’s Reaction to
Marbury v. Madison
.” Available at www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/jefferson.html.