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Authors: Yuri Pines

Tags: #General, #History, #Ancient, #Political Science, #Asia, #History & Theory, #China

The Everlasting Empire (68 page)

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-240-

People’s Republic of China, 116, 159, 165, 173
Perry, Elizabeth, 150, 185n3
“petty men,” 79, 83, 94, 120, 139, 141, 177, 182
“plain-clothed” (
bu yi

),
shi
self-designation, 79
political culture, Chinese, 1–2, 7, 102, 107, 141, 158, 185n4, 186n8, 191n1; bifurcation between spiritual and political authority, absent, 101; and commoners, 136, 140; congruence between the family and the state, 126; dynamism and complexity of, 4–6; and local elites, 115; modern transformation of, 9, 164–165, 181–182; and monarchism, 44, 48, 50, 136, 139, 168; and nomads, 34, 37–38,
69
, 195n59, 195n61; and rebellions, 135, 157; and social mobility, 142; and unity, 11–12, 41
political thought, Chinese, 1, 49, 51, 82, 107, 114, 117, 136, 138–140, 144
pope, 45, 58
portraits: of the emperors, 193n24
prefectures, 22–24, 26, 29, 92, 188n38
prime minister, 26,
65
, 68, 168, 194n51.
See also
chancellor
printing industry, 91, 93, 114, 197n39
“private learning,” 85–87, 94
progress, 8–9, 13, 163, 180.
See also
modernization
protest, 21, 172; by commoners, 135; culture of, 139, 150, 207n31; by intellectuals, 64,
95–96;
modern, 174, 180, 207n31
provincial assemblies (1909–1914), 166, 176
public opinion, 98, 111, 138–139, 203n11
Qi (

), regional state (extinguished in 221 BCE), 21, 84
Qianlong Emperor (

, r. 1736–1795), 37, 71–72, 125, 190n65, 195n62
Qin, regional state (

, ca. 800–221 BCE), 2, 15, 19, 106–107, 187n12, 188n24
Qin dynasty (

, 221–207 BCE), 3, 53, 132, 158, 188n26, 188n29, 189n54; centralization under, 22–23, 26, 107108, 198–99n5, 199n6; collapse of, 2223,
55
, 94, 192n26; and intellectuals, 85–86, 88–89, 94; as political model, 23,
55–56
, 108–109, 110, 112, 116, 192n27; rebellion against, 134, 142143, 149; and territorial expansion, 3235; unification under, 19–22, 36.
See also
Chen She; First Emperor of Qin; Li Si
Qing dynasty (

, 1644–1911), 3, 150151, 160, 162, 165, 168, 171, 176, 182, 201n63, 202n65; decline of, 74, 132, 162–164, 166; emperors of, 70–72, 195n64; and intellectuals, 89; and local elites, 125, 129–130, 133; provinces established by, 24–25; territorial expansion under, 36–37, 190n65.
See also
Kangxi Emperor; Qianlong Emperor; Taiping rebellion; Yongzheng Emperor
qurlitai
, 70, 195n61
rebellions, 1–2, 4, 25, 45,
59, 67
, 203n26, 204n43; and bandits, 145–146, 148; class nature of, 135, 142–144, 159, 202n3; classification of, 135, 159–160; and Communists, 168, 178; dynamics of, 149–159; economic factors behind, 149–152, 160–161; and egalitarian impulses, 141–145, 203n17; and elites, 148, 157–159, 201n61, 205n60; against Han, 24, 110, 160; legitimacy of, 50, 134, 139–140; and literati, 102; analyzed by Mao Zedong, 154–155; and mass protest, 135, 139, 150; against Ming, 151, 157, 160; directed against oppression, 149, 151; political factors behind, 149–152; against Qin, 22–23, 134, 149, 158, 160, 188n24; against Qing, 134, 151, 160, 204n36; recreation of political order by, 134, 156159, 160–161; religious factors behind, 146–148, 153, 203–4n32; against Song, 31, 155; against Sui, 149; against Tang, 26–28, 112, 153–154; and violence, 145, 152–156, 204nn48–49; against Wang Mang, 110; against Yuan, 157, 160; of Zhou against the Shang, 12.
See also
An Lushan; Chen She; Huang Chao; Taiping rebellion; Yellow Turbans; Zhang Xianzhong; Zhu Yuanzhang
reclusion, 51,
95–96
, 198nn52–53.
See also
disengagement, political
Records of Rites
(
Liji

), 143

-241-

recruitment of officials, 170, 199n18.
See also
examinations; “local rank” system
regional lords (
zhuhou

), 12–13, 17, 20–22, 47, 80, 82, 187n4
Rehe (modern Chengde), 71
religion, 2–3, 8, 11, 16, 97, 105, 127, 193n33; control over, 60–61, 193n39; and martyrdom, 99–100; and the monarch, 47, 58; and rebellions, 135, 146147, 152–153; and recluses,
95. See also
Buddhism; civic religion; Daoism; “millenarian rebels”; sects
remonstrance, 60, 64, 97–98, 102, 198n61
Republic of China (1912–1949), 2, 132, 165–170, 172, 176–177, 182.
See also
Taiwan
Republican Revolution (1911), 2, 133, 163 riots, 149–152
ritual, 97, 121, 127, 203n11; and sociopolitical hierarchy, 27–29, 35, 94, 142143; and the ruler’s power, 13, 18–19, 44–4
7
, 50, 52–53,
56–59
, 64–65, 67, 68, 73, 129, 191n2, 194n57; ritual specialists, 48, 64; Zhou rituals, 14–15
“rival state” (
di guo

), 34
Robinson, David, 195n62, 195n66
Roman Empire, 2, 8, 60, 186n15
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
(
Sanguo y anyi

), 11
Romanovs, the; Russian imperial dynasty, 2
Rong (

), ethnic group, 33
Rong Cheng shi
(

manuscript, 187n21
Rowe, William, 201n47, 203n11
Russian Federation, 189n42
BOOK: The Everlasting Empire
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