This Is Only Test How Washington Prepared for Nuclear War (47 page)

Mobilization, 163 move to Battle Creek, Mich., 101 Olney, Md., training center, 117,

140–1, 154, 164 participation in exercises, 126–7, 150, 156–7

promotion of evacuation, 121–4, 132 recruitment of white middle class volunteers, 80–1 shift from evacuation to shelter, 7, 136–7, 141 takeover of Washington’s warning system, 7–8, 150–5 warning protocol, 149–50, 154
see also
civil defense
see under
Congress Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 128, 155, 158, 165
Federal Emergency Plan D-Minus
, 159–60, 170 federal government employment in Washington, D.C., 2, 26, 31, 33–4, 38–9, 42–3 essential agencies of
see
wartime essential agencies post-attack functioning of
see
continuity of government
see also
dispersal
Federal Register
, 157, 162 Federal Relocation Arc communication lines of, 155–6 deactivation of sites, 183 Eisenhower’s interest in, 97–8, 105–6, 124 existence revealed, 185 origins of, 95–6 overview of, 5–6, 95 regional centers of, 163–4 use of during exercises, 109, 113, 125–8, 157–8, 160–3, 176 weaknesses of, 155, 161–4, 166–7, 176–7 Federal Reserve Board, 161, 180, 183, 185 Federal Triangle, 1, 23, 26, 39, 79, 113 Federal Works Agency, 24, 26, 30–1, 37–8
see also
General Services Administration Federation of Citizens Associations, 81, 146 Federation of Civic Associations, 54 Flemming, Arthur appointed director of the ODM, 98 continuity planning of, 105–6, 156, 159, 163 dispersal policies of, 102–3, 142 evacuation plans for, 133

participation in exercises, 108–9, 121 work on attack warning systems, 150 Fondahl, John Alert America and, 77–9, 81 appointed director of the D.C. Office of Civil Defense, 46 difficulties of, 7, 77, 82, 86–7, 120, 135, 138–9, 172 explanation of apathy toward civil defense, 88–9, 138 FCDA and, 55–7, 141 participation in exercises, 130, 156 plans of, 115, 122–4, 134, 185 retirement of, 172 work of, 47, 52–4, 83–4, 131, 155
see also
D.C. Office of Civil Defense Forrestal, James, 19, 23–4, 56, 63 Fort Belvoir, Va., 16, 154 Fort Knox, Ky., 15, 136, 183 Fort Meade, Md., 66–7 Fort Reno, Washington, D.C., 112, 150–1, 154–5, 172, 183 Fort Ritchie, Md., 63–4, 132–3, 158, 180 Freedom Train, 79 Front Royal, Va.
see
State Department, relocation site of

Gaither Committee, 136–7 Gaithersburg, Md., 5, 144–5, 147, 185 General Services Administration (GSA) construction projects of, 142–3 decentralization and, 59 dispersal planning of, 38–43, 61, 143 participation in exercises, 157–8 relocation site of, 95, 157, 165 warden corps of (Federal Buildings Services), 116–17 work on continuity of government, 96, 187 Geological Survey, 147, 196 n.16 Germantown, Md., 5, 103, 144, 185 Gillette, Douglas, 70, 74 Godwin, H.P., 84, 112 Goodpaster, Andrew, 97–8, 126, 155, 157, 162, 167, 170 Grant III, Ulysses S., 1, 37 Gray, Gordon, 143, 159, 162 Green, Constance McLaughlin, 145 Greenbelt, Md. civil defense in, 48, 180 development of, 32–3, 144 as planned dispersal site, 33–5, 185

Greenbrier relocation site, 167–8, 180, 185 Grover, Wayne, 157–8 Gup, Ted, 107, 167, 185 Gutheim, Frederick, 61, 104

Hampden-Sydney College, 95, 183 Hansen, Carl, 146, 175 Harpers Ferry, W.Va., 38, 41–2 Hart, Hornell, 120–1 Hayes, Thomas, 46–7, 53, 57 Heidegger, Martin, 88 High Point
see
Mount Weather, Va. Hill, Arthur M., 25, 30–2 Hiroshima bombing, 9, 16, 21–2, 119 Hoegh, Leo appointed FCDA Administrator, 99 opposition to dispersal, 143 plans for regional relocation centers, 164 sending of wartime essential employees to Mount Weather, 163, 166, 186 shelter policy of, 136–7, 141–2 Holifield, Chet criticism of Eisenhower administration, 137 hearings of, 135–6 interest in Washington’s civil defense, 135, 172 Holland, Spessard, 60, 62–3 Homeland Security Department, 8, 189 Hopley, Russell J., 24, 55–6 Howard University, 14–15 Humphrey, George, 106, 127 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 187–8 hydrogen weapons effects described, 9 Soviet tests of, 75, 99

U.S. tests of, 9–10, 75, 99, 101
see also
Soviet Union, nuclear weapons of; United States, nuclear weapons of

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM)
see
ballistic missiles

John McShain, Inc., 71–2, 74 Johnson, Louis, 35, 38, 49, 64, 66, 170 Johnson, Lyndon, 167, 179, 182 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1–2, 63–4, 108, 124, 127, 132–3, 158, 166

Joint Emergency Evacuation Plan (JEEP), 132–4, 158, 170, 177 Justice Department, 128, 157, 165, 182

Kennedy, John F. as Congressman, 35, 49, 170 during Cuban Missile Crisis, 174–9 fallout shelter program of, 171–3 foreign policy of, 169 inauguration of, 169 transition meeting with Eisenhower, 169–70 Kennedy, Robert, 174, 176, 178 Khrushchev, Nikita, 171, 174, 177–9 Kierkegaard, Soren, 88 Korean War, 32, 48–51, 59, 69, 87, 89–90, 92, 169

La Guardia, Fiorello, 13, 22 Landis, James M., 13–14, 22 Langley, Va., 103–5, 144 Lapp, Ralph E., 23, 100 Lawton, Frederick J., 25, 49–50, 62, 96 Library of Congress, 15, 185 Lifton, Robert Jay, 88–9

MacArthur, Douglas, 49, 59, 97 Marshall, George, 29, 66 martial law, 127, 161–2, 180–2 Maryland, 6, 34, 43, 63–4, 95, 101–2, 121–2, 133, 146, 151, 154, 187

see also individual cities and counties

McCarthy, Joseph, 47, 90 McCormack, John, 179–82 McDermott, Edward, 176–7, 181 McKellar, Kenneth, 51, 70 McMahon, Robert, 19 McMillan Plan, 3 McNamara, Robert, 169–70, 174, 176 McPhee, Roemer, 159 microwave communications, 65–6, 94, 107, 128, 151 military ability to protect United States from attack, 90–1 views on civil defense, 22
see also
Defense Department Military District of Washington (MDW), 45, 66, 138, 154, 186 Miller, Lorenzo, 82–4, 138 Millison, Earl G., 93–5
Mobilization Plan C
, 159–60

Montgomery County, Md. attack warning system of, 151, 154–5 CIA and, 104 civil defense in, 93, 128–9, 139–42, 173, 184 ground observer posts in, 93, 140 segregation in, 139, 144–5 Mount Pony, Va., 183, 185 Mount Weather, Va. on 9/11, 186 communication system of, 155–6, 164 Cuban Missile Crisis and, 176–82 daily operations of, 154, 165–6 developed as relocation site, 95, 107 existence revealed, 107–8, 185 Operation Alerts and, 125–8, 157, 161–2 Operation Readiness and, 109 personnel and agencies with assignments at, 133, 136, 163, 165–6, 183, 218 n.45 takeover of Washington’s attack warning system, 151, 154–5 Mumford, Lewis, 88–9 Munitions Board, 63

Nagasaki bombing, 9, 17, 21–2, 119 National Academy of Sciences, 114, 130, 133, 135 National Archives, 157–8 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 15, 56, 81 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) campus in Washington, D.C., 1–2, 144 dispersal of, 5–6, 144–5, 185 operations at Front Royal, Va., 94 protection of Charters of Freedom, 158 National Capital Park and Planning Commission (Park Commission), 32–3, 37–8, 42–3 National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), 102, 104–5, 143, 217 National Capital Regional Planning Council (NCRPC), 101, 104–5, 143 National Damage Assessment Center (NDAC), 161, 163, 165–6 National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP), 184 National Mall, 32, 39, 51, 101–2, 104, 128, 181, 188
see also
‘tempos’

National Security Act, 19–20, 200 n.57 National Security Agency, 134, 140 National Security Council (NSC) continuity planning of, 96, 99–100, 105–6, 131, 160, 162, 166 creation of, 20–1 debate on evacuation of Washington, D.C., 115, 124, 132 dispersal policies of, 101, 143 Executive Committee (ExComm) of, 174–6, 178 policymaking of, 98, 119, 136, 189 studies of Washington’s attack warning system, 150–1 National Security Resources Board (NSRB) civil defense and, 45–7, 49, 55–6, 91–3, 120 continuity of government planning of, 5, 7, 25–6, 30–2, 42, 96, 105, 200 n.57 disbanded, 98 dispersal planning of, 30–2, 36–8, 42, 59, 61 formed, 19–21, 25 ineffectiveness of, 5, 25, 96, 100 national security state civil defense and, 21–4, 56, 87, 92, 131 dispersal and, 38 estimates of Soviet striking capability, 116 origins of, 19–21 naval aide to the President, 69, 75, 81, 98, 159, 162, 170, 176, 182
see also
Beach, Edward; Dennison, Robert Naval Gun Factory, 1, 11, 23 Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, 143, 166, 171 New Deal, 3, 11–12, 14, 20, 25, 32 new towns, 6, 147, 185 Nike antiaircraft missiles, 91, 111, 154, 159, 179–80 Nolen Jr., John, 33–4, 39, 42, 102 nonessential agencies, 37, 42–3 nuclear weapons
see
atomic weapons; hydrogen weapons
see under
Soviet Union; United States

Oakes, Guy, 118 O’Connell, Robert, 179, 181

Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM), 163–6, 170–1, 181

Office of Civilian Defense (OCD), 13–16, 46 Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM) continuity planning of, 106, 134,

156, 159–60, 166–
8
creation of, 9
8
dispersal policies of, 101–4, 14
2
merged with FCDA, 16
3
participation in exercises, 108–9
,

126–9, 162
see also
Flemming, Arthur
Office of Emergency Planning (OEP), 171, 176–8, 180–2 Office of War Information (OWI), 14–15 Offutt Air Force Base, 111, 186
see also
Strategic Air Command

Operation Alert 1954, 120–21, 123 1955, 124–30, 138, 155–6, 159, 165 1956, 155–9 1957, 160–2, 176 1958, 162–3 Eisenhower’s part in creation of, 6, 98 unrealistic scenarios of, 132, 159, 182

Operation Fireball, 119–20 Operation Readiness, 106, 108–9 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 119, 189 Oxon Hill, Md., 34

Parsons, Kermit, 185 Pearl Harbor, 12, 69, 115 Pentagon

9/11 attack on, 186 communication links to, 66, 111,

113, 16
6
construction of, 17–1
8
evacuation plans for
see
Join
t

Emergency Evacuation Plan imagined attacks on, 1, 9, 23, 36,

117, 120 importance of, 2, 19–20, 103 in Operation Alert 1955, 124–5, 128 shelters in, 66

Peterson, Val appointed FCDA Administrator, 99 debate on merits of sheltering versus

evacuation, 121, 123–
4
evacuation plans for, 13
3
participation in exercises, 12
7

support for shelters, 132, 136–7 work on warning systems, 115, 150–1 Pinetree Line, 111–12, 114

see also
Distant Early Warning Line Pittman, Steuart, 170, 173, 175 Pliyev, Issa, 174, 178–9 Postal Service, 157, 161, 230 n.47 Potomac River, 11, 26, 38, 47, 104,

122, 132, 143, 177 Presidential Emergency Facilities

(PEFs), 183–4 presidential succession, 35–6, 202 n.29 Prince Georges County, Md., 32, 34,

62, 131, 133–4, 145, 151, 175, 195 n.5
see also under
civil defense Project East River, 99, 101

Quantico, Va., 38, 62, 133, 180 Quirauk Mountain, Md., 65–6

Rabb, Maxwell, 126, 149 Radford, Arthur, 115, 127 Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service

(RACES), 5, 141 RAND Corp., 136 Randolph, A. Phillip, 11–12 Rapalus, Henry, 115, 140–1 Raven Rock Mountain, 63–4, 66–7, 87,

108, 167

see also
Site R Rayburn, Sam, 50, 56, 167 Reston, Va., 6, 147, 185 Reynolds, W.E., 60, 121 Rockville, Md., 115, 139–41, 173 Rodericks, George, 172, 175, 178, 184 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 13–14 Roosevelt, Franklin

civil defense and, 13–1
4
death of, 1
6
Pentagon and, 17–18, 6
7
White House and, 15, 70–
1

Schwartz, Max, 52, 54, 87 shelters
see
fallout shelters Sherry, Michael, 90 Silvers, Hal, 131, 133–4 Site R, 64–5, 67–8, 95, 126–7, 132,

158, 162, 165–6, 180, 183, 185–6

see also
Raven Rock Mountain Smith, Howard, 62–3 Social Science Research Council,

22, 89

Soviet Union aircraft of, 1, 5, 10, 82, 87, 90, 111, 113, 116, 132 Cold War and, 18–20, 48, 59 Cuban Missile Crisis and, 174–9 deterrence of, 91–2, 98 espionage of, 6, 18, 104 nuclear weapons of, 1, 10, 131–2, 136, 142, 169, 182, 235 n.44 propaganda of, 25, 85, 87 striking capability of, 10, 108, 116, 120–1, 158–60, 166 test of atomic bomb, 32, 35–6, 41, 64, 171 test of hydrogen bomb, 75, 99–100 War Scare of 1948 and, 23–5
see also
Washington, D.C., imagined attacks on Spencer, Samuel, 121, 132 Springfield, Va., 34 Stalin, Joseph, 6, 18 State Department Cuban Missile Crisis and, 177, 180–1 offices in Washington, D.C., 17, 21, 50, 61, 101, 144 participation in exercises, 109, 121, 127–8, 161 relocation site of, 93–6, 109, 121, 128, 155, 165–6, 180, 183 Steelman, John, 32 Stein, Clarence, 28, 60, 147 Stewart Air Force Base, 112, 150 Stowe, David, 49–50, 75, 96 Strategic Air Command (SAC), 111, 114, 179 Strauss, Lewis, 102, 133 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM)
see
ballistic missiles Suitland, Md., 34 Supreme Court continuity of, 7, 168, 177–8 during Cuban Missile Crisis, 177–8, 181 participation in exercises, 129 rulings on racial segregation, 145–6 Symington, Stuart, 55–7, 59, 91, 171

Takoma Park, Md., 48, 122 Teague, Olin, 122–3 ‘tempos’ on National Mall, 17, 21, 26, 31, 38–9, 43, 50–1, 61–2, 103–4 proposed construction of, 34–6

Treasury Department continuity of, 106, 180 participation in exercises, 81, 109, 117, 127–8, 161 relocation sites of, 183 tunnel to White House, 69, 73 Truman, Harry S. authorization of Conelrad, 112 authorization of development of hydrogen bomb, 6 continuity of government planning of, 5, 64, 75, 96, 105 Doctrine of, 23, 171 end of World War II and, 16–18 Korean War and, 48–9, 59 reaction to Soviet atomic test, 35, 171 reelection of, 31 support for civil defense, 23–4, 46, 55–6, 81, 86, 90–2, 170 support for desegregation of Washington, D.C., 3, 145 support for dispersal, 4, 49–52, 59, 61–3, 104 treatment of NSRB, 25, 31–2 use of the Bureau of the Budget, 37 White House renovation and, 69–71, 73–4 Tuve, Dr. Merle, 135 Tysons Corner, Va., 66, 185