1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII (30 page)

The Mouldwarp Prophecy

1
Sharon L. Jansen,
Political Protest and Prophecy under Henry VIII
(Woodbridge, 1991), p.15; T.M. Smallwood, ‘The Prophecy of the Six Kings’,
Speculum
60.3 (1985), 571–592, here 575; James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven and London, 1990), p. xi, 137. See also Jansen,
Political Protest,
p. 18.

2
Keith Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, p. 467; Jansen,
Political Protest,
pp. 5, 13, 14; William Shakespeare,
Henry IV, part 1
, III.i.142–49.

3
Smallwood, ‘The Prophecy’, 571, 575, 582–5. The text is preserved in the British Library MS Cotton Galba E.ix, f. 49r–50v and reproduced by Smallwood; Madeleine Hope Dodds, ‘Political Prophecies in the Reign of Henry VIII’,
The Modern Language Review
11.3 (1916), 279; Thomas,
Religion,
pp. 473–74.

4
LP, viii, 565, 609, 567, 791.

5
LP, xii (i), 318, xi, 790; Jansen,
Political Protest,
pp. 1, 39, 42, 44–45; LP, xii (i), 1087, 1212; Thomas,
Religion,
p. 474; LP, xii (ii), 800, 1231.

6
Text cited in Jansen,
Political Protest,
p. 57 (the word ‘elderly’ read ‘helderly’); LP, xiv (i) 794 (April 1539); the case of John Bonnefant in Thomas,
Religion,
p. 474;
Statutes
, 33 Henry VIII, c.xviv; LP, xvii, 28; Alexandra Walsham,
Providence in Early Modern England
(Oxford, 1999), p. 175; Thomas,
Religion,
p. 477; LP, xii (ii), 602; xiii (ii), 829; xiv (i), 186; xiv (i), 794; xiv (ii), 124; xviii (ii), 546; xix (i), 444 (v); xx (i), 282 (xxv).

PART FOUR – Chapter 17

Courtly Dissent

1
Walker,
Writing,
pp. 286; LP, x, 840; see chapter 7. Historians have debated whether Wyatt could see the executions on Tower Hill and Tower Green from his cell in the Bell Tower. Jane Spooner, the Curator of Historic Buildings at the Tower of London, tells me he could almost certainly have seen the former, and may have seen the latter depending on whether or not the previous lieutenant’s lodging was lower than the present one (built 1540). Surrey, ‘Wyatt resteth here’,
Oxford Book of Renaissance Verse
, pp. 627–28.

2
For the full text, see Wyatt,
Complete Poems,
ed. Rebholz, pp. 186–9; H.A. Mason,
Humanism and Poetry in the Early Tudor Period
(London, 1959), pp. 203, 222; Stephen Greenblatt,
Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare
(Chicago, 2005), p. 115; Wyatt, ‘Stand so who list’,
Complete Poems
, ed. Rebholz, p. 94; Walker,
Writing,
pp. 301–7; Stephen Gardiner,
De vera obedientia
, reprinted in
Obedience in Church and State: Three Political Tracts by Stephen Gardiner
ed. P. Janelle (London, 1930), p. 89;
The Complete Works of Thomas More
vol 3 (New York, 1984), p. 165, cited by Walker,
Writing,
p.7.

3
Walker,
Writing,
p. 355; Susan Brigden, ‘Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and the ‘Conjured League’,
HJ
37 (1994), 507–537, here 508, 510.

PART FOUR – Chapter 18

Did Henry VIII Become a Tyrant?

1
CSP, Ven, iii, 1287.

2
Elton, ‘The Rule of Law in Sixteenth-Century England’, in
Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government
(Cambridge, 1974), v.1, pp. 261, 262, 274, 282–83. See also his
Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell
(Cambridge, 1972), p. 399; Ellis, ‘Henry VIII’, 531; Shore, ‘Crisis’, 359–390, here 375; Joel Hurstfield, ‘Was There a Tudor Despotism After All?’,
TRHS
(1966) 5
^th
series, pp. 83–108; John Bellamy,
The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction
(London, Toronto and Buffalo, 1979), p.7; Davies, ‘The Cromwellian Decade’, 194; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 125

3
William Thomas,
The Pilgrim: A Dialogue. on the Life and Actions of King Henry VIII
ed. J.A. Froude (London, 1861), pp. 9–10. In fact, the entire book is a dialogue designed to answer various charges of tyranny against Henry VIII, as p. 81 suggests.

4
Maurice Latey,
Tyranny: A Study in the Abuse of Power
(1972), p.18.

5
Davies, ‘The Cromwellian Decade’, 180, 185; Kesselring,
Mercy and Authority
, pp. 25, 37;
Statutes,
25 Henry VIII, c.xxii; Walker,
Writing
, p. 24; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p.119; Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 232v.

6
Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason
, pp. 153, 97; LP, xiv (ii), 494; Seymour Baker House, ‘More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535)’,
ODNB
(Oxford, 2004); LP, viii, 895, 846; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’; Kesselring,
Mercy and Authority
, pp. 60–64; Baldwin Smith,
Henry VIII
, pp. 31–35, 64–67; William Huse Dunham Jr., ‘Regal Power and the Rule of Law: A Tudor Paradox’,
Journal of British Studies
III (1964), 24–56; Hurstfield, ‘Was There a Tudor Despotism’; Elton, ‘The Rule of Law’; Latey,
Tyranny
, p. 184.

7
LP, xvi, 183, 590; Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
V, p. 554, VI, p. 36; LP, xvi, 590, 589.

8
LP, xv, 954; Walker,
Writing,
p. 6; William Thomas,
The Pilgrim
.

9
This wonderful anecdote is cited by Latey,
Tyranny
, p.97; Derek Wilson,
In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII
(London, 2001), pp. 385–86.

10
Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason
, p. 29; Sean Cunningham, ‘Pole, Edmund de la, Eighth Earl of Suffolk (1472?–1513)’,
ODNB
(Oxford, 2004);
Statutes
, 14 and 15 Henry VIII, c.xx.

11
Ives,
The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
, p. 345; Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason
, p.41;
Statutes
, 33 Henry VIII, c.xxi.

12
Dodds,
Pilgrimage of Grace
, vol 2, pp. 277–327.

13
Stanford E. Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII’,
The Historical Journal
18.4 (1975), 675–702 – my debt of scholarship to Dr Lehmberg is apparent from what follows; William R. Stacy, ‘Richard Roose and the Use of Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII’,
The Historical Journal
29.1 (1986), 1–15; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 125.

14
Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 2–3; Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason,
pp. 28–29.

15
Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 685, 692, 679; Ellis, ‘Henry VIII’, 522– 526;
Statutes,
28 Henry VIII. c.xxiv, 27 Henry VIII. c. lviii and c.lix; Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 10.

16
Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 685–687;
Statutes
, 31 Henry VIII, c.xv; Walker,
Writing
, p. 340.

17
Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 688–689;
Statutes,
32 Henry VIII, c.lix, c.lx, c.lxi; Hall,
Chronicle
, f. 243r.

18
Burnet,
The History of the Reformation
, Vol. IV, pp. 415–432; Shore, ‘Crisis’, 366, 372, 376; R.B. Merriman,
The Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell
2 vols (Oxford, 1902), ii pp. 264–67, 268–73; LP, xv, 776, 823; Cox,
Cranmer
, p. 401.

19
LP, xvi, 1334; Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 695, 697; Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason
, p. 41;
Statutes,
33 Henry VIII, c.xxi; Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Katherine Howard’; Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Katherine [Katherine Howard] (1518x24– 1542)’,
ODNB
(Oxford, 2004).

20
Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 67–68; Bellamy,
Tudor Law of Treason
, p. 44.

21
For something of a caricature of Henry VIII, see Jasper Ridley,
Henry VIII: The Politics of Tyranny
(New York, 1985) and review by Baldwin Smith,
American Historical Review
91.2 (1986), 391–392; Thomas,
The Pilgrim
, p. 79;
The Complete Works of Thomas More
vol 3 (New York, 1984), p. 163 (cited by Walker,
Writing,
p.7); Dodds,
The Pilgrimage,
I, pp. 136–38; Hall,
Chronicle,
f. 229v; LP, xi, 780, 826; see also Henry’s speech to parliament in 1535, Hall,
Chronicle
, ff. 260v–262r.

22
William Roper,
The Life of Sir Thomas More
reprinted in
Two Early Tudor Lives
ed. Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding (New Haven and London, 1962), p. 228; LP, xii (ii), 908.

Epilogue

1
Stephen Gardiner,
De vera obedientia
, reprinted in
Obedience in Church and State: Three Political Tracts
by Stephen Gardiner ed. P. Janelle (London, 1930), p. 113.

2
Thomas,
The Pilgrim
, pp. 81, 11.

3 Thomas,
The Pilgrim
, pp. 11, 55; Marillac, 3 September 1540, in Thomas,
The Pilgrim
, p. 155; Jean Kaulek (ed.),
Correspondance politique de Castillon et de Marillac
(1885) (LP, xiii (i), 56).

Further Reading

Henry VIII

Lacey Baldwin Smith,
Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty
(St Albans, 1971)

Robert Hutchinson,
The Last Days of Henry VIII: Conspiracy, Treason and Heresy at the Court of the Dying Tyrant
(London, 2005)

Sir Arthur Salisbury MacNalty,
Henry VIII: A Difficult Patient
(London, 1952)

J. J. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
(London, 1968)

Miles F. Shore, ‘Henry VIII and the Crisis of Generativity’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2.4 (1972), pp. 359–390

David Starkey,
Henry: Virtuous Prince
(London, 2008)

Alison Weir,
Henry VIII: King and Court
(London, 2001)

Derek Wilson,
In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII
(London, 2001)

Masculinity

Will Fisher, ‘The Renaissance Beard: masculinity in early modern

England’,
Renaissance Quarterly
54.1 (2001), pp. 155–187

Elizabeth A. Foyster,
Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex and Marriage
(London, 1999)

Alexandra Shepard,
Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England
(Oxford, 2003)

Tatiana C. String, ‘Projecting Masculinity: Henry VIII’s Codpiece’, in
Henry VIII and his Afterlives: Literature, Politics and Art
ed. Christopher Highley and John N. King, Mark Rankin (
forthcoming
, Cambridge, 2009)

Anne Boleyn’s fall

G. W. Bernard, ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn’,
EHR
106 (1991), pp. 584–610

G. W. Bernard, ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn: a rejoinder’,
EHR
107 (1992), pp. 665–74

E. W. Ives, ‘Faction at the court of Henry VIII: the fall of Anne Boleyn’,
History,
57 (1972), pp. 169–88

E. W. Ives, ‘Debate: The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered’,
EHR
107, (1992), pp. 651–664

Greg Walker, ‘Rethinking the Fall of Anne Boleyn’,
HJ
, 45.1 (2002), 1–29

Image

Xanthe Brooke and David Crombie,
Henry VIII Revealed: Holbein’s Portrait and Its Legacy
(London, 2003)

Susan Foister,
Holbein in England
(London, 2006)

Christopher Lloyd and Simon Thurley,
Henry VIII: Images of a Tudor King
(Oxford, 1990)

Tatiana C. String,
Art and Communication in Henry VIII’s Reign
(Aldershot, 2008)

The Reformation

G. W. Bernard,
The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church
(New Haven and London, 2005)

Susan Brigden,
London and The Reformation
(Oxford, 1989)

A. G. Dickens,
The English Reformation
(London, 1964)

Christopher Haigh,
English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors
(Oxford, 1991)

Peter Marshall,
Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England
(Aldershot, 2006)

Alec Ryrie,
The Gospel and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation
(Cambridge, 2003)

The Pilgrimage of Grace

Michael Bush and David Bownes,
The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Postpardon Revolts of December 1536 to March 1537 and their Effect
(Hull, 1999)

Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds,
The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–7 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538
(Cambridge, 1915), 2 vols

Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch,
Tudor Rebellions
, 5
^th
edn. (Harlow, 2004)

R.W. Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s
(Oxford, 2001)

Ethan Shagan, ‘Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace Revisited’, in
Popular Politics and the English Reformation
(Cambridge, 2003)