9-11 (17 page)

LEGAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION UNDER SECTION 219 OF THE INA AS AMENDED

1. It must be a
foreign organization
.

2. The organization must
engage in terrorist activity, as
defined in section 212 (a)(3)(B) of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)), or
terrorism
, as defined in section 140(d)(2) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (22 U.S.C. § 26560(d)(2)),
or retain the capability and intent to engage in terrorist activity or terrorism
.

3. The organization’s terrorist activity or terrorism must threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security (national defense, foreign relations, or the economic interests) of the United States.

U.S. GOVERNMENT DESIGNATED FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS

1. Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)
   
2. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
   
3. Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (AAMB)
   
4. Al-Shabaab (AS)
   
5. Ansar al-Islam
   
6. Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
   
7. Asbat al-Ansar
   
8. Aum Shinrikyo (AUM)
   
9. Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
   
10. Communist Party of Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA)
    
11. Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)
    
12. Gama’a al-Islamiyya (IG)
    
13. HAMAS
    
14. Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B)
    
15. Harakat ul-Mujahideen (HUM)
    
16. Hizballah
    
17. Islamic Jihad Union (IJU)
    
18. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
    
19. Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM)
    
20. Jemaah Islamiya (JI)
    
21. Kahane Chai
    
22. Kata’ib Hizballah (KH)
    
23. Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)
    
24. Lashkar e-Tayyiba (LT)
    
25. Lashkar i Jhangvi (LJ)
    
26. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
    
27. Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG)
    
28. Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM)
    
29. Mujahadin-e Khalq Organization (MEK)
    
30. National Liberation Army (ELN)
    
31. Palestine Liberation Front – Abu Abbas Faction (PLF)
    
32. Palestinian Islamic Jihad – Shaqaqi Faction (PIJ)
    
33. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
    
34. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC)
    
35. Al-Qa’ida (AQ)
    
36. Al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI)
    
37. Al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
    
38. Real IRA (RIRA)
    
39. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
    
40. Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N)
    
41. Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
    
42. Revolutionary Struggle (RS)
    
43. Shining Path (SL)
    
44. United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)
    

NOTE
: For descriptions of these foreign terrorist organizations, please refer to “Country Reports on terrorism 2009” accessible at
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2009/140900.htm
.

APPENDIX B

Recommended Reading

Noam Chomsky,
Culture of Terrorism
(South End Press, 1988).

Noam Chomsky,
Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda
, 2nd edition (Seven Stories Press, 2002).

Noam Chomsky,
Necessary Illusions
(South End Press, 1989).

Noam Chomsky,
Pirates and Emperors, Old and New
(South End Press, 2003).

Noam Chomsky,
Power and Terror
, expanded edition (Paradigm, 2011).

Noam Chomsky,
Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order
(Seven Stories Press, 1998).

Noam Chomsky,
Hegemony or Survival
(Metropolitan, 2004).

Noam Chomsky,
Failed States
(Metropolitan, 2007).

Chomsky and Edward S. Herman,
Political Economy of Human Rights
(South End Press, 1979).

Chomsky and Gilbert Achcar, edited by Stephen R. Shalom,
Perilous Power: The Middle East and U.S. Foreign Policy: Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War, and Justice
(Paradigm, 2006).

John Cooley,
Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism
(Pluto, 1999, 2001).

Alex George, ed.,
Western State Terrorism
(Polity-Black-well, 1991).

Fawaz A. Gerges,
The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global
(Cambridge, 2005, 2009).

Fawaz Gerges,
Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy
(Harcourt, 2006).

Herman,
Real Terror Network
(South End Press, 1982).

Herman and Chomsky,
Manufacturing Consent
(Pantheon, 1998, 2001).

Herman and Gerry O’Sullivan,
The ‘Terrorism’ Industry
(Pantheon, 1990).

Walter Laqueur,
Age of Terrorism
(Little, Brown and Co., 1987).

Michael McClintock,
Instruments of Statecraft
(Pantheon, 1992).

Project Censored et al.,
Censored 2011
(Seven Stories Press, 2010).

Nir Rosen,
Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America’s Wars in the Muslim World
(Nation Books, 2010)

Paul Wilkinson,
Terrorism and the Liberal State
(NYU Press, 1986).

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

NOAM CHOMSKY
was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 7, 1928. He studied linguistics, mathematics, and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania and began teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he is Institute Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.

During the years 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard University Society of Fellows. While a Junior Fellow he completed his doctoral dissertation entitled, “Transformational Analysis.” The major theoretical viewpoints of the dissertation appeared in the monograph
Syntactic Structure
, which was published in 1957 and is widely credited with having revolutionized the field of modern linguistics. This formed part of a more extensive work,
The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
, circulated in mimeograph in 1955. Most of a 1956 version was published in 1975.

In 1961, Chomsky was appointed full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics (now the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy) at MIT. From 1966 to 1976 he held the Ferrari P. Ward Professorship of Modern Languages and Linguistics. In 1976 he was appointed Institute Professor, a position he held until 2002.

Chomsky is the author of numerous influential political works, including
Hopes and Prospects
(Haymarket Books)
Interventions
(City Lights/Open Media Series),
Failed States
(Metropolitan Books),
Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance
(Metropolitan Books),
Media Control
(Seven Stories Press/Open Media Series),
Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
with Ed Herman (Pantheon),
Necessary Illusions
(South End Press),
Understanding Power
(New Press), and many other titles.

In 1988, Chomsky received the Kyoto Prize in Basic Science, given “to honor those who have contributed significantly to the scientific, cultural, and spiritual development of mankind.” The prize noted that “Dr. Chomsky’s theoretical system remains an outstanding monument of 20th century science and thought. He can certainly be said to be one of the great academicians and scientists of this century.” On June 1, 2011, Noam Chomsky was named 2011 winner of the Sydney Peace Prize.

Chomsky lives in Lexington, Massachusetts.

ABOUT OPEN MEDIA

OPEN MEDIA
is a movement-oriented publishing project committed to the vision of “one world in which many worlds fit”—a world with social justice, democracy, and human rights for all people. Founded during wartime in 1991 by Greg Ruggiero, Open Media has a history of producing critically acclaimed and best-selling titles that address the most urgent political and social issues of our time.

ABOUT SEVEN STORIES PRESS

SEVEN STORIES PRESS
is an independent book publisher based in New York City. We publish works of the imagination by such writers as Nelson Algren, Russell Banks, Octavia E. Butler, Ani DiFranco, Assia Djebar, Ariel Dorfman, Coco Fusco, Barry Gifford, Lee Stringer, and Kurt Vonnegut, to name a few, together with political titles by voices of conscience, including the Boston Women’s Health Collective, Noam Chomsky, Angela Y. Davis, Human Rights Watch, Derrick Jensen, Ralph Nader, Gary Null, Project Censored, Barbara Seaman, Gary Webb, and Howard Zinn, among many others. Seven Stories Press believes publishers have a special responsibility to defend free speech and human rights, and to celebrate the gifts of the human imagination, wherever we can. For additional information, visit
www.sevenstories.com
.

In
9-11
,
published in November 2001 and arguably
the single most influential post-9-11 book, internationally renowned thinker Noam Chomsky bridged the information gap around the World Trade Center attacks, cutting through the tangle of political opportunism, expedient patriotism, and general conformity that choked off American discourse in the months immediately following. Chomsky placed the attacks in context, marshaling his deep and nuanced knowledge of American foreign policy to trace the history of American political aggression—in the Middle East and throughout Latin America as well as in Indonesia, in Afghanistan, in India and Pakistan—at the same time warning against America’s increasing reliance on military rhetoric and violence in its response to the attacks, and making the critical point that the mainstream media and public intellectuals were failing to make: any escalation of violence as a response to violence will inevitably lead to further, and bloodier, attacks on innocents in America and around the world.

This new edition of 9-11, published on the tenth anniversary of the attacks and featuring
Was There an Alternative?
, a new text by Chomsky, reminds us that today, just as much as ten years ago, information and clarity remain our most valuable tools in the struggle to prevent future violence against the innocent, both at home and abroad.