A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism (74 page)

^*
The word
Semitic
does not actually refer to a group of people but to a group of languages traditionally spoken in the Middle East and parts of Africa. Semitic languages include Amharic, a language spoken in Ethiopia, as well as Hebrew and Arabic.

¹
Presse
, March 20, 1840, quoted in Ronald Florence,
Blood Libel: The Damascus Affair of 1840
(New York: Other Press, 2006), 114.

²
Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, vol. 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), 298.

³
Ratti-Menton to Soult, 29 February 1840, no. 16, Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), quoted in Jonathan Frankel,
The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 20.

⁴
Quoted in Howard M. Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
(New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 82. Also quoted in David I. Kertzer,
The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 87.

⁵
Interrogation of el-Telli, 2 August 1980, Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), 713–714, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 39.

⁶
Ministère des Relations Extérieures Archives: Affaires Étrangères, Turquie: Affaires Diverses (Assassinat du Père Thomas), 510–511, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 37.

⁷
Chasseaud to Forsyth, 24 March 1840, no. 12, State Department archives, National Archives (Washington, DC), microfilm, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 67.

⁸
Achille Laurent,
Relation Historique
, 2:286–287, 289, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 53.

⁹
Merlato to Laurin, 23 March 1840, “Affaire des Juifs de Damas,”
Journal des Débats
, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 97.

¹⁰
Alfandari to Lehren, 15 March 1840, “Persécution Excercée contra les Juifs en Orient,”
Archives Israélites de France
, 215, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 67.

¹¹
Laurin to J. Rothschild, 5 April 1840, in Gelber, Österreich und die Damaskusaffaire, 16–17, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 104.

¹²
“Affaire des Juifs de Damas,”
Gazette des Tribunaux
, April 8, 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 112. Emphasis added.

¹³
Le Moniteur Universel
, June 3, 1840, quoted in David Vital,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 240.

¹⁴
Merlato to Crémieux, 7 September 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 360.

¹⁵
“Affaire de Damas,”
Univers
, October 8, 1840, quoted in Frankel,
The Damascus Affair
, 367.

¹⁶
Hannah Arendt, quoted in Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
, 107–108.

¹⁷
“Manifeste de juillet 1860,” André Chouraqui,
L’Alliance Israélite Universelle et la renaissance juive contemporaine
(Paris, 1965), 3:411, quoted in Vital,
A People Apart
, 485–86.

¹⁸
In F. Stern,
Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder and the Building of the German Empire
(London, 1977), 378, quoted in Michael Graetz “Jewry in the Modern Period,” in
Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe
, ed. Jonathan Frankel and Steven J. Zipperstein (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 171.

¹⁹
Monitorul Oficial
, 24 February 1879, in Iancu,
Les Juifs en Roumanie
, 165, quoted in Vital,
A People Apart
, 503.

²⁰
Wilhelm Marr,
Der Sieg des Judenthums ueber das Germanenthum vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt ausbetrachtet
(Bern: Rudolph Costenoble, 1879), 30–35, trans. Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, quoted in Mendes-Flohr and Reinharz, eds.,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 331–332.

²¹
George L. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1978), 92.

^*
The actual number of Jews killed during the Kishinev pogrom was about 50, not the 120 originally reported by the
New York Times
.

¹
Michael Marrus,
The Politics of Assimilation: The French Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair
(Oxford, 1971), 197–201, quoted in Albert S. Lindemann,
The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank), 1894–1915
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 92.

²
Theodor Herzl, “A Solution of the Jewish Question,”
The Jewish Chronicle
, January 17, 1896, 12–13, quoted in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds.,
The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History
, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 534.

³
In Salo W. Baron,
The Russian Jew Under Tsars and Soviets
(New York: Macmillan, 1964), 29, quoted in Allan Levine,
Scattered Among the Peoples: The Jewish Diaspora in Twelve Portraits
(Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth, 2003), 207.

⁴
Alexander Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
, trans. Constance Garnett, rev. Humphrey Higgins, 1968 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 169–170.

⁵
Russki Invalid
, 1858, quoted in Howard M. Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
(New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 184.

⁶
Orshanskii,
Evrei v Rossii
71–72, quoted in Stephen M. Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881–1882
(Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985), 48.

⁷
Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 49.

⁸
Pauline Wengeroff,
Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century
, trans. Henny Wenkart (Bethesda: University Press of Maryland, 2000), 221.

⁹
Razsvet
(St. Petersburg), 19, May 8, 1881, 741–742, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 35–36.

¹⁰
Wengeroff,
Rememberings
, 223. Original emphasis.

¹¹
Ibid., 224–225. Original emphasis.

¹²
Moses Leib Lilienblum to J. L. Gordon,
Derekh Teshuva
, quoted in Lucy S. Dawidowicz, ed.,
The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe
(New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 128–129.

¹³
The articles in
The Times
were republished in
Persecution of the Jews in Russia 1881
(London: Spottiswoode, 1882), quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 66–67.

¹⁴
Ibid.

¹⁵
Supplement to the Jewish Chronicle
, February 3, 1882, 3, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 68.

¹⁶
Nedel’naia khronika Voskhoda
, 7 (February 1882): 163–164, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 69.

¹⁷
Iu. Gessen, “Graf N. P. Ignatiev i ‘Vremennyia pravila’ o evreiakh 3 Maia 1882 goda,”
Pravo
3 (1908):1679, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 72–73.

¹⁸
Peter A. Zaionchkovsky,
The Russian Autocracy in Crisis
, 1878–1882, trans. Gary Hamburg (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1979), 265, quoted in Berk,
Year of Crisis, Year of Hope
, 73.

¹⁹
Wengeroff,
Rememberings
, 222–223.

²⁰
“Jewish Massacre Denounced,”
New York Times
, April 28, 1903.

¹
R. S. Churchill and Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
(London, 1966–) 4:913–914, quoted in Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties
(New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 13.

²
The American Jewish Committee,
The Jews in the Eastern War Zone
by the American Jewish Committee (New York, 1916), 7.

³
S. Ansky,
The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I
, ed. and trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 4–7.

⁴
Arkhiv Russkoi Revolutsii
(Berlin, 1926), 18:43–4; Michawel Cherniavsky, trans. and ed.,
Prologue to Revolution
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967), 39–43, 56–72, 85–87, 121–123, 194–195, quoted in David Vital,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 655.

⁵
Ibid.

⁶
“Evreyakaya Zhizn,” August 9, 1915, 19–20, quoted in The American Jewish Committee,
The Jews in the Eastern War Zone
, 62–63.

⁷
Christian M. Rutishauser, “The 1947 Seelisberg Conference: The Foundation of Jewish-Christian Dialogue,”
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations
, 2, no. 2 (2007)
http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol2/iss2/6
.

⁸
David Lloyd George,
The Truth About the Peace Treaties
(1938), 1119–1122, quoted in Sachar,
A History of the Jews in the Modern World
, 354.

⁹
H. C. O’Neill,
The Royal Fusiliers in the Great War
(London: William Heinemann, 1922), 26; Ze’ev Jabotinsky,
The Jewish Legion in the World War
(New York, 1945), 164.

¹⁰
Semosenko at Proskurov: Comité des Délégations Juives, Paris,
The Pogroms in the Ukraine
(Paris, 1927), 178–187, quoted in Ronald Sanders,
Shores of Refuge: A Hundred Years of Jewish Emigration
(New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 344.

¹¹
Ibid.

¹²
Ibid., 345.

¹³
Elias Heifetz,
Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine
(New York, 1921) 259, 262, 267, 308, quoted in Benjamin Lieberman,
Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 144.

¹⁴
John Ernest Hodgson,
With Denikin’s Armies
(London, 1932), 54–63, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 356.

¹⁵
Vladimir Burtsev,
Protokoloy Sionskikh Mudretsov
(Paris, 1938) 105–106, quoted in Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion”
(London: Serif, 1996), 126.

¹⁶
Hodgson,
With Denikin’s Armies
, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 356–357.

¹⁷
Henry Morgenthau and French Strother,
All in a Life-Time
(Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1922), 351.

¹⁸
Joseph Tenenbaum,
In Search of a Lost People: The Old and the New Poland
(New York: Beechhurst Press, 1948), 176–177.

¹⁹
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven, 1939), 2:881, quoted in Sanders,
Shores of Refuge
, 348.

²⁰
Quoted in Saul Friedländer,
Nazi Germany and the Jews
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 95.

²¹
Quoted in Herman Bernstein,
The Truth about “The Protocols of Zion”: A Complete Exposure
(New York: Covici-Friede, 1935), 283.