A World Lit Only by Fire (53 page)

BIBLIOGRAPHIES are useful guides for readers who want to learn more, but they can be deceptive. Traditional bibliographical
structure is sometimes misleading; the order of the works which are cited is determined by the alphabetical order of the first
letter in scholars’ last names. Furthermore, every entry appears as the equal of every other, which is an affront to common
sense. A writer of history may have used only a single anecdote from one source, while another source served as the underpinning
of his entire book.

Let me set down those works which have been the underpinning of this volume. First—for their scope and rich detail—are
three volumes from Will Durant’s eleven-volume
Story of Civilization
: volume 4,
The Age of Faith
; volume 5,
The Renaissance
; and volume 6,
The Reformation
. The events of those twelve centuries, from the sack of Rome in
A.D
. 410 to the beheading of Anne Boleyn in 1536, emerge from Durant’s pages in splendid array.

Another towering monument of historicism is the eight-volumed
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, particularly volume 1,
The Christian Roman Empire and the Foundation of the Teutonic Kingdoms
; volume 5,
Contest of Empire and Papacy
; volume 6,
Victory of the Papacy
; volume 7,
Decline of Empire and Papacy
; and volume 8,
The Close of the Middle Ages
. This great work leads to the equally comprehensive
The New Cambridge Modern History
, fourteen volumes, especially volume 1,
The Renaissance
:
1493–1520
, and volume 2,
The Reformation
,
1520–1559
. Other general works which I found useful were the three volumes of Sidney Painter’s
A History of the Middle Ages, 284–1500
, James Westfall Thompson’s two-volume
The Middle Ages, 300–1500
, R.H.C. Davis’s popular
A History of Medieval Europe, from Constantine to Saint Louis
, and
The Dictionary of National Biography, From the Earliest Times to 1900
in twenty-two volumes.

Those who audit the past rarely agree in their interpretations of it. But all writers, though they view history through discrepant
prisms, deal with the same facts. In searching for them, the work to which I turned most often is recent:
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
, the fifteenth edition of the greatest of encyclopedias. As the editors observe in their foreword, the excellence of such
a work “rests on the authority of the scholars who wrote the articles.” Therefore they recruited the best. The major articles
in the
New Britannica
often run to thirty thousand words or more, and their authors are celebrated. Among those whose contributions were of great
value to me were Georges Paul Gusdorf of the University of Strasbourg on the history of humanistic scholarship, Roland H.
Bainton of Yale on the Reformation, Martin Brett of the University of Auckland on the Middle Ages, the Reverend Ernest Gordon
Rupp of Cambridge on Martin Luther and Desiderius Erasmus, his Cambridge colleague Geoffrey R. Elton on King Henry VIII, Colin
Alistair Ronan of the Royal Astronomical Society on Copernicus, Robert M. Kingdon of the University of Wisconsin on John Calvin;
Michael de Ferdinandy of the University of Puerto Rico on Emperor Charles V, the Reverend Francis Xavier Murphy of Rome on
Pope Alexander VI, and Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich of the University of Munich on Leonardo da Vinci.

Life on a Medieval Barony
, which appeared in 1924, was the work of William Stearns Davis, then a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin.
Davis was writing about the thirteenth century, but his picture of a medieval community is valid in depicting the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries. I couldn’t have recreated medieval Europe without it. It has been a favorite of mine for fifty years.

Two handy reference books—provided they are used with caution—recount the historical past, day by day. They are
The Timetables of History
, by Bernard Grun, and
The People’s Chronology
, by James Trager.

M
Y ASSISTANT
, Gloria Cone, has been tireless and loyal, and once more I am grateful for the assistance and support provided by the staff
of Wesleyan University’s Olin Memorial Library, led by J. Robert Adams, Caleb T. Winchester Librarian. Joan Jurale, the head
reference librarian—who stands at the very top of her demanding profession—was especially helpful. So were Edmund A. Rubacha,
reference librarian; Susanne Javorski, art librarian; Erhard F. Konerding, documents librarian; and Steven Lebergott, head
of interlibrary loans. Others on the Olin staff who were particularly helpful to me were Alan Nathanson, bibliographer, and
Ann Frances Wakefield.

Finally, I again express my gratitude to Don Congdon, my literary agent and cherished friend for forty-three years; Roger
Donald, my charming, indefatigable editor for seventeen years; and my superb copy editor, Peggy Leith Anderson, who in my
long experience is truly without peer.

W.M.

Abram, A.
English Life and Manners in the Later Middle Ages
. London, 1913.

Allen, J. W.
History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century
. London, 1951.

Ammianus Marcellinus.
Works
. 2 vols. Trans. John C. Rolfe. Cambridge, Mass., 1935–36.

Armstrong, Edward.
The Emperor Charles V
. 2 vols. London, 1910.

Atkinson, J.
Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism
. Baltimore, 1968.

Bainton, R. H.
Erasmus of Christendom
. New York, 1969.

——.
Here I Stand
:
A Life of Martin Luther
. New York, 1950.

——.
Hunted Heretic
:
The Life of Michael Servetus
. Boston, 1953.

——.
The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
. Boston, 1953.

——.
The Travail of Religious Liberty
. Philadelphia, 1951.

Bax, Belfort.
German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages
. London, 1894.

Beard, Charles.
Martin Luther and the Reformation
. London, 1896.

——.
The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge
. London, 1885.

Beazley, C. Raymond.
Prince Henry the Navigator
:
The Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394–1460 A.D
. London, 1901.

Bedoyére, Michel de la.
The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope: The Story of the Conflict Between Savonarola and Alexander VI
. London, 1958.

Beer, Max.
Social Struggles in the Middle Ages
. London, 1924.

Belloc, Hilaire.
How the Reformation Happened
. London, 1950.

Benesch, Otto.
The Art of the Renaissance in Northern Europe
. Rev. ed. London, 1965.

Benzing, Josef, and Helmut Claus.
Lutherbibliographie. Verzeichnis der gedruckten Schriften Martin Luthers bis zu dessen Tod
. Baden-Baden, 1989.

Berence, Fred.
Lucrèce Borgia
. Paris, 1951.

Beuf, Carlo.
Cesare Borgia, the Machiavellian Prince
. Toronto, 1942.

Boissonnade, Prosper.
Life and Work in Medieval Europe
. New York, 1927.

Bornkamm, Heinrich.
Luthers geistige Welt
. Gütersloh, Germany, 1953.

Brandi, Karl.
The Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and a World Empire
. New York, 1939.

Brion, Marcel.
The Medici: A Great Florentine Family
. New York, 1969.

Brown, Norman O.
Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History
. Middletown, Conn., 1959.

Bruce, Marie Louise.
Anne Boleyn
. New York, 1972.

Bryce, James.
The Holy Roman Empire
. New York, 1921.

Burchard, John. “
Pope Alexander VI and His Court.” Extracts from the Latin Diary of the Papal Master of Ceremonies, 1484–1506
. Ed. F. L. Glaser. New York, 1921.

Burckhardt, Jacob.
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
. New York, 1952.

Burnet, Gilbert.
History of the Reformation of the Church of England
. 2 vols. London, 1841.

Burtt, E. A.
A Critical and Comparative Analysis of Copernicus, Kepler, and Descartes
. London, 1924, 1987.

Bury, J. B.
History of the Later Roman Empire
. 2 vols. London, 1923.

Calvesi, Maurizio.
Treasures of the Vatican
. Trans. J. Emmons. Geneva, 1962.

Cambridge Medieval History
. 8 vols. New York, 1924–36.

Carlyle, Thomas.
Heroes and Hero Worship
. New York, 1901.

Catholic Encyclopedia
, 1907–12, and
New Catholic Encyclopedia
, 1967. New York.

Cellini, Benvenuto.
Autobiography
. New York, 1948.

Chadwick, Owen.
The Reformation
. London, 1964.

Chamberlin, E. R.
The Bad Popes
. New York, 1969.

Chambers, David Sanderson. “The Economic Predicament of Renaissance Cardinals.” In W. M. Bowsky, ed.,
Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History
, vol. 3. Lincoln, Nebr., 1966.

Clément, H.
Les Borgia. Histoire dupape Alexandre VI, de César et de Lucrèce Borgia
. Paris, 1882.

Cloulas, Ivan.
The Borgias
. Trans. Gilda Roberts. New York, 1989.

Comines, Philippe de.
Memoirs
. 2 vols. London, 1900.

Coughlan, Robert.
The World of Michelangelo: 1475–1564
. New York, 1966.

Coulton, G. G.
The Black Death
. New York, 1930.

——.
Chaucer and His England
. London, 1921.

——.
Inquisition and Liberty
. London, 1938.

——.
Life in the Middle Ages
. 4 vols. Cambridge, England, 1930.

——.
The Medieval Scene
. Cambridge, England, 1930.

——.
The Medieval Village
. Cambridge, England, 1925.

——.
Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation
. Cambridge,

England, 1938.

Creighton, Mandell.
Cardinal Wolsey
. London, 1888.

——.
History of the Papacy During the Reformation
. 5 vols. London, 1882–94.

Crump, C. G., and Jacob, E. F.
The Legacy of the Middle Ages
. Oxford, 1926.

David, Maurice.
Who Was Columbus
? New York, 1933.

Davis, William Stearns.
Life on a Medieval Barony: A Picture of a Typical Feudal Community in the Thirteenth Century
. New York, 1923.

DeRoo, Peter.
Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI
. 5 vols. Bruges, Belgium, 1924.

DeWulf, Maurice.
History of Medieval Philosophy
. 2 vols. London, 1925.

Dickens, A. G.
The English Reformation
. New York, 1964.

——.
Reformation and Society in Sixteenth-Century Europe
. New York, 1966.

The Dictionary of National Biography, From the Earliest Times to 1900
. 22 vols. London, 1967–68.

Dictionnaire de Biographie Française
. Paris, 1967.

Dill, John.
Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire
. London, 1905.

Dillenberger, John.
Martin Luther: Selections from His Writings
. New York, 1961.

Dillenberger, John, and Claude Welch.
Protestant Christianity Interpreted Through Its Development
. New York, 1954.

Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
. Rome, 1962.

Dodge, Bertha S.
Quests for Spices and New Worlds
. Hamden, Conn., 1988.

D’Orliac, Jehanne.
The Moon Mistress: Diane de Poitiers
. Philadelphia, 1930.

Duby, Georges.
L’Économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans L’occident médiéval
. 2 vols. Paris, 1962.

Duhem, Pierre.
Études sur Leonardo de Vinci
. 3 vols. Paris, 1906 f.

Durant, Will.
The Age of Faith
. New York, 1950.

——.
The Reformation
. New York, 1957.

——.
The Renaissance
. New York, 1953.

Ebeling, G.
Luther: An Introduction to His Thought
. Philadelphia, 1970.

Ehrenberg, Richard.
Das Zeitalter der Fugger
. 2 vols. Jena, Germany, 1896.

Enciclopedia Italiana
. Rome, 1962.

Erasmus, Desiderius.
Colloquies
. 2 vols. London, 1878.

——.
Education of a Christian Prince
. New York, 1936.

——.
Epistles
. 3 vols. London, 1901.

——.
The Praise of Folly
. Trans, with an introduction and commentary by

Clarence H. Miller. New Haven, 1979.

Erikson, E. H.
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
. New York, 1958.