All Hell Let Loose (131 page)

Somervell, Gen. Brehon, 349

Somerville, Adm. Sir James, 81, 667

Sorge, Richard, 160

Sorpe dam, 481–2

Sosnkowska, Jadwiga, 18

Sotnik, Misha, 385–6

South Africa: troops in North Africa, 132, 137; coloured and black recruits, 411; treatment of Indians, 418

South America: remoteness from war, 398; Nazi refugees in, 671

Soviet Russia: agrees to partition of Poland, 2; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939), 2–3; occupies eastern Poland (1939), 15–16; deportations and atrocities in Poland, 21; invades Finland, 31–7; Finnish armistice, 37; and effect of fall of France, 74–5; rearmament, 75, 141; Germany plans invasion, 93, 97–100, 113; as cultural threat to Germany, 139–40; Germans invade, 139, 143–5, 661; German treatment of, 141–2, 149, 153, 180; German strategy in, 142, 177–8; repressive regime, 142–3; military strength and deployment, 143–4, 302; sends material aid to Germany, 143; early German successes and advance, 145–8, 156–8, 165; atrocities against Germans, 149; executions for supposed cowardice or desertion, 150, 169, 179, 310, 337; patriotic enthusiasm and resolution, 151, 156, 179–82; factories evacuated to east, 152; Jews slaughtered by Nazis, 152–3; total mobilisation, 152–3; ethnic deportations, 153; wartime industrial output, 153, 302, 662; casualties, 153, 177, 181, 324–5, 382, 395, 441, 547, 669; partisan movement and actions, 154–5, 391, 546; German collaborators in, 155; difficult terrain and weather, 160–1, 165–6; Hitler speculates on breach with Western Powers, 164; inept tactics, 166; mounts offensive (December 1942), 166–7; condition of German soldiers in, 175; Model repels Red Army, 176; prisoners of war ill-treated by Germans, 178, 505, 510; quality of artillery, 178; underestimated by Germans, 179; ruthlessness, 179; British popular support and admiration for, 181–2; neutrality pact with Japan (1941), 192; skirmish with Japan (Nomonhan Incident, 1939), 192; and US war plans, 199–200; Allied supplies to, 200, 269, 284, 293, 304, 322–3; size of battlefields and forces, 236; Arctic convoys to, 284–90; unwelcoming reception of visiting Allied sailors, 293; religious revival, 299; renewed German gains, 300–1; German rations in, 301–2; releases prisoners for war service, 302; soldiers’ suffering, 304; Western view of military situation, 304–5; secretive and uncooperative nature, 305; defeats under Budyonny (August 1942), 306; German setbacks (autumn 1942–spring 1943), 307, 320; low civilian morale, 307; women in action and work, 309, 311, 354–6, 358; stoicism, 319; advance against Germans, 320, 394–6, 548–50; armaments output, 322, 381; civilians’ reaction to war, 338; agricultural inefficiency and food shortages, 349; Ultra intelligence passed to, 368; view of North African campaign, 376; civilians’ conditions and shortages, 381; middle-rank military weaknesses, 382; children’s sufferings, 384–5; soldiers’ anger at German depredations, 385; army deserters, 386; ignorance of war in remote areas, 400; recruits from Asian republics, 400; campaign in Manchuria (1945), 438; dominant contribution to victory, 441; criticises Western Allies’ sluggish ground campaigns, 450; air force effectiveness, 474; gulag and prison camps, 496–7; anti-Semitism, 514–15; renews assaults in north (winter 1943–4), 525; deception operations, 527; fighting qualities, 544; refuses to support Warsaw uprising, 588; winter offensive (1944–5), 590, 597; attack on Budapest, 599–601; casualties in Budapest, 605; captures Berlin, 613; joins war against Japan, 646, 650; displaced persons in, 654; repression at war’s end, 654–5; deaths in immediate post-war period, 657; post-war antagonism with West, 659; Churchill welcomes as ally, 661; dominates Eastern Europe, 661, 665; achieves war aims, 665;
see also
Red Army; Stalin, Josef

Spaatz, Gen. Carl (‘Tooey’), 637, 651

Spain: remains neutral, 111–14, 398

Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion in, 473

special forces, 325

Special Operations Executive (SOE): women agents, 358; in Albania, 406; in Yugoslavia, 466

Spectator
(journal), 335

Speer, Albert, 480, 483, 621

Spicer, Tom, 92

Spiller, Capt. Eberhard, 45

Spooner, Rear-Adm. Jack, 211

Sprague, Rear-Adm. Clifton, USN, 572–3

Springett, George, 95

Spruance, Adm. Raymond, USN, 244, 247, 250–3, 436, 439, 566–7, 667

SS (Schutzstaffel): and Nazi Jewish policy, 508–12, 519–20

Stafilakas, Sgt. Diamantis, 117

Stahl, Peter, 89

Stahlberg, Alexander, 9

Stahlecker, Police Gen. Walter, 148–9

Stalin, Josef: and Jewish suffering, xvii; pact with Nazis, 3, 8; and partition and occupation of Poland, 3, 15; as prospective ally against Germany, 8; early deliberate neutrality, 22; invades Finland, 30–2, 35–6; conditions for Finnish peace, 38; and defeat of France, 74–5; annexes Baltic states, 75; territorial expansionism, 99; and prospective war with Germany, 141; ignores warnings of German invasion, 143; collapse and withdrawal to dacha, 149; broadcasts appeal to Soviet people, 150, 163–4; military inexperience, 150, 166–7, 177–8, 181; as Supreme Commander, 150–1; justifies enforced industrialisation, 153; military strength, 158; and defence of Moscow, 162; Voroshilov attacks, 169; orders attack to relieve Leningrad, 173; rejects wholesale evacuation of Leningrad, 175; seeks to make common cause with Hitler, 182; war aims, 182; Western Allies fear separate peace with Germany, 200; and Russian religious revival, 299; directs New Year offensive (1942), 300; misjudges German aims (1942), 302; authorises strategic retreat from Voronezh, 303; and defence of Stalingrad, 303; delegates operational control in battle, 305, 308; appoints Zhukov Deputy Supreme Commander, 307; and Battle of Stalingrad, 309; appointed marshal, 320; successes, 322; not informed of Ultra, 368; orders frontal assaults after Kursk victory, 393; deports ethnic minorities, 496; amnesties Poles, 498; derides Western Allies for feebleness, 533; on pursuit of Germans, 546; welcomes Allied war in West, 588; sanctions pillage and rape by Red Army, 605, 629; final confrontation with Hitler, 608; claims capture of Berlin, 613; victory ceremony in Berlin, 630; promises attack on Manchuria, 646; incompatability with West, 659, 661; learns from mistakes, 662; consequences of policies, 665; controls Soviet military machine, 665; interferes with generals, 668;
see also
Soviet Russia

Stalingrad: German defeat, 165, 320–1, 380; German advance on, 302–3, 305–7; Zhukov takes command at, 307–8; Battle of (1942–3), 308–11, 315–18; casualties, 320–1; effect of victory on Red Army morale, 320

Stanford-Tuck, Bob, 84

Starczyński, Stefan, 11, 17, 22

Stark, Adm. Harold (‘Betty’), 185, 199

Starr, Lt.Col. George, 406

Starvation
, Operation, 638

Stauffenberg, Col. Claus von, 551

Steinbeck, John, 184, 197, 336

Steinhilper, Ulrich, 85, 87, 89

Stevens, Kenneth, 348

Stewart, Ian, 122

Stilwell, Gen. Joseph, 223–4, 559–60, 634

Stimson, Henry Lewis, 187, 647

Stockwell, Laurie, 471

Stoneman, Eva, 403

Storrie, Col. Carl, 651

Straub, Ruth, 232

Street, Arthur, 29, 91

Striem, Solomon, 524

Strong, Maj. Gen. Kenneth, 591

Stroop, Lt.Cdr. Paul, 238–9

Stuka dive bombers (German), 82

Stülpnagel, Karl-Heinrich von, 511

Stumme, Georg von, 122

submarines: US effectiveness against Japan, 558–9, 640;
see also
U-boats

Suchcitz, Andrzej, 17

Suffolk, Charles Henry George Howard, 20th Earl of (‘Wild Jack’), 95–6

Sullivan, Mr and Mrs Thomas (of Waterloo, Iowa), 262

Sumatra: Churchill proposes operations in, 559

Sumiya, Lt., 216

Sun Li-jen, Gen., 223

Suner, Serrano, 112

Superfortress (US B-29 bomber), 637–9

Suppanz, Emmy, 576

Surcouf
(French submarine), 80

Surkov, Lt., 395

Swaminadhan, Kashmi, 415

Sweden: iron ore supplies to Germany, 39, 49;

Molotov’s interest in, 98–9; neutrality, 398–9

Switzerland: neutrality, 398; wartime profits and appropriations, 399–400

Swordfish torpedo bombers, 285

Syfret, Vice-Adm. Edward, 295

Syria: French in, 107, 124–5; British occupation resisted, 125–8

 

 

T4 euthanasia programme (Nazi), 507

T-34 tanks (Soviet), 166–7, 179, 322, 381, 390

tactical air forces (Allied), 664

Tadao, Hayashi, 201

Tadimichi, Lt.Gen. Kuibayashi, 201

Takahashi, Maj. Shoji, 638, 651

Takenonori, Nakao, 644

Takeo, Kasuga, 642–3

Takushima, Norimitsu, 643

Takushiro, Col. Hattori, 672

tanks: in North African campaign, 129; in Battle of Kursk, 387–9; German superiority in Normandy, 540;
see also
T-34 tanks; Tiger tanks

Tapscott, Robert, 277

Taranto, Battle of (1940), 294

Tarasevichi, Russia, 384

Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, 436–8

Tarczyński, Piotr, 5, 7, 13

Tassarfonga Point (Pacific), 262

Tatsuro, Lt. Izumiya, 196, 220

Tedder, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 667

Tehran conference (1943), 588

Telegin, Grigory, 385

Teller, Edward, 648

Temkin, Gabriel, 152

Tennant, Capt. William, 207

Tewes, Ernst, 160

Thach, Jimmy, 249–50

Thapa, Sherbadur, 457

Thiaroye, near Dakar, 411

Thomas, Sir Shenton, 203, 210

Thompson, Pfc ‘Red’, 329

Thorpe, Capt. Norman, 212

Thue, Col. David, 48

Tiger tanks (German), 445, 449, 540

Times, The
: on sympathy for Poland, 17

Timoshenko, Gen. Semyon, 301

Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 465–9, 629

Tobruk, 114–15, 128–9, 131, 137–8, 294, 364, 411

Todt, Fritz, 163

Toffey, Lt.Col. Jack, 456, 528

Tojo, Gen. Hideki, 195

Tokayer, Alfred, 404

Tokyo: bombed by USA, 237, 429, 638; war crimes trials, 672

Tolstukhin, Aleksei, 383

Tomlin, Christopher, 51

Tootle, Ensign Milton, 251

Tooze, Adam, 352, 483–4, 504

Topp, Erich, 278–9

Torch
, Operation, 282, 298, 365, 375–6

Torgau, 612

Toru, Takase, 500

Tout, Ken, 541

Tovey, Adm. Sir John, 290

Toyoda, Adm. Soemu, 565–7

Trapp, Maj. Wilhelm, 521

Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 400

Triantafillos, Spyros, 117

Tripartite Pact (Germany–Italy–Japan, 1940), 112, 187, 193

Tripoli: falls to British, 375

True, Bill, 586

Truman, Harry S.: on US racketeering and profiteering, 230; and development of atom bomb, 647–8; fails to deliver ultimatum before use of A-bomb, 649–50; announces Japan’s unconditional surrender, 651; and European Jews, 674

Truscott, Gen. Lucian, 595, 667

Trutz, Hildegard, 619, 671

Tsapounis, Ahmet, 116

Tsuchi, Corp. Tominosuke, 212

Tsuchida, William, 586

Tsuji, Col. Masanobu, 209, 215–16, 263

Tu Lu Ming, Gen., 223

Tunis, 379

Tunisia, 375, 377

Tuominen, Arvo, 31

Turin, Italy: bombed, 491

Turing, Alan, 368

Turkey: neutrality, 398

Turner, Rear-Adm. Kelly, USN, 255–6

Tutt, Gunner Len, 115

Tzannetakis, George, 122

 

 

U-boats: as threat, 270, 272–3; war against, 272–3, 280; numbers, 273, 282; campaign, 274–5; types and equipment, 274; and Ultra intercepts, 275–6, 278, 283; employed in Mediterranean and Norway, 278, 294; sinkings, 278, 280–1, 283; successes on US east coast, 278–9; conditions and crews, 279; ‘wolf packs’, 279, 282–3; attacks on Atlantic convoys, 280–1; attacks on Arctic convoys, 293; new models, 483

Ukraine: in German strategy, 144–5; anti-Russian actions, 145; young women deported to Germany, 153; guerrilla fighters in, 156; welcomes Germans, 158, 405; Russians reoccupy, 392; and extermination of Jews, 511

Ultra intercepts: and Crete operation, 123; in Pacific war, 237, 244, 265, 267, 369, 566; of U-boat positions, 275–6, 278, 283; and PQ17 convoy, 290; in Mediterranean campaign, 298; aids Allies in North Africa, 367, 372, 378; as critical influence for Allies, 367–8; on German intentions in Italy, 443; on German evacuation of Sicily, 449; inadequate intelligence on effect of bombing of Germany, 483; and Hitler’s counter-attack plan in Normandy, 554; and German pessimism in autumn 1944, 577; on German strength at Arnhem, 579; on German Ardennes offensive, 591; and Slim’s Burma campaign, 633

Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy, 459

Umezu, Gen. Yoshijiro, 648

Unit 731 (Japanese biological warfare), 428–9, 672

United States of America: total casualties, xviii, 324–5, 670; shipping freed from British contraband searches, 39; industrial strength, 101, 663; enters war (December 1941), 165, 190, 197–8; view of war in Europe, 182–9; rearmament and conscription measures, 184; destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain, 186; isolationism, 186–7, 189–90; material aid for Britain, 186; embargoes on Japan, 188, 194; Japan attacks, 188, 191, 195–6; industrial disputes, 189; opposition to admitting foreign refugees, 189; and Japanese threat, 194; domestic values, 197–8; North African landings (November 1942) and campaign, 198, 282, 361, 366, 377–8; remoteness from conflict and privations, 198; gives priority to defeat of Germany, 199, 254; military assessments and plans, 199–200; shipbuilding, 199, 275, 284, 361; supplies China by Burma Road, 222; economic output, 228–9; popular response to war, 228–31; racketeering and profiteering, 229–30, 339; atrocities on Guadalcanal, 257–8; convoy escort duties, 276; shipping losses on east coast, 280; aid to Russia, 284, 293, 323; satisfaction with society, 335; food availability, 348–9; declines to send food to Europe, 351; women workers, 353–4; armaments production, 361; military build-up, 362–3; lacks faith in British Eighth Army, 365; intelligence sharing with Britain, 368; setbacks in North Africa, 377–8; detains Nisei Japanese, 400–1; readiness to make separate peace with Germany, 400; heterogeneity and national groups, 401–2; racism, 401–2; anti-imperialism, 407–8, 420, 664; behaviour of servicemen in India, 420–1; conduct of Pacific campaign, 432–8; supports Nationalist China, 432; commitment to war against Japan, 433; contribution to victory, 441, 663; favours early landings in France, 442; casualties in Italy, 453, 456; anti-Semitism, 516; popular view of Germans, 518; presses for invasion of Europe, 532; infantry weapons, 539–40; non-cooperation with Britain in Asia, 560; closes ring on Japan, 564; army’s behaviour in Europe, 587; army faces Ardennes offensive (winter 1944–5), 590–1; army meets Russians at Torgau, 612; war weariness, 641; develops atomic bomb, 647; low human cost of war, 662–3; operational relationship with British, 664