An Army at Dawn (110 page)

British and American chiefs
: Kent Roberts Greenfield,
American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration,
31; Howard,
Grand Strategy
, vol. IV, 245; Morison,
The Two-Ocean War,
241; Behrens, 328; Francis Tuker,
Approach to Battle,
319 (
It is axiomatic
).

No sooner had Eisenhower
:
FRUS,
539 (
“final victory”
); memo, British chiefs of staff, Jan. 2, 1943, NARA RG 165, E 422, box 54; “Minutes of Meeting,” JCS, Jan. 16, 1943, 1700 hrs., NARA RG 218, box 169; Matloff, 24 (
Eisenhower’s own planners
).

All of which argued
:
FRUS,
539, 570, 572, 573; Clark,
Calculated Risk,
50 (
“Why stick your head”
); Leighton and Coakley, 673.

As Brooke had listened
: Bryant, 545; Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945,
7; Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill,
Fleet Admiral King,
413 (
“old crustacean”
); Buell, xi, 11, 75 (
foghorn voice
), 78–79 (
bibulous and lecherous
); GCM, OH, Oct. 5, 1956, Forrest Pogue, GCM Lib (
“Albion perfidious”
); C. E. Lambe, OH, Feb. 26, 1947, FCP, MHI (
“his eye on the Pacific”
).

King threw a rock
: “Minutes of Meeting,” JCS, Jan. 16, 1943, 1700 hrs., NARA RG 218, box 169 (
“do not seem”
);
FRUS,
547, 549; Mary H. Williams, ed.,
Chronology, 1941–1945, USAWWII,
81–97; Leighton and Coakley, 662, 663n (
only 15 percent
); Mansoor,
The GI Offensive in Europe,
47–48 (
virtually all U.S. Marines
); Matloff and Snell, 157 (
at least three times
), 357–60.

No matter
:
FRUS,
553, 555; Albert C. Wedemeyer,
Wedemeyer Reports!,
165 (
secretly tape-recorded
), 158; “Minutes of Meeting,” JCS, Jan. 16, 1943, 0930 hrs., NARA RG 218, box 169 (
“If we subscribed”
).

Brooke recorded his assessment
: Danchev and Todman, eds., 360.

Casablanca lay
: Gugeler, ts, MHI, X-53 (
“too terrible”
);
Three Years,
243 (
“neck is in a noose”
); Butcher diary, DDE Lib, A-176; Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe,
136–37; Danchev and Todman, eds., 363 (
“deficient of experience”
); Sherwood, 689 (
“The President told General Marshall”
); D’Este,
Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life,
623 (read in mss) (
“what I’m going to do with Tunisia”
); Roosevelt,
As He Saw It,
79 (
“What’s your guess?”
); Blumenson,
The Patton Papers, 1940–1945,
154 (
“He thinks his thread”
).

Brooke’s deputy
: Kennedy, 273 (
“He is difficult enough”
); Codman, 76; Durno, 73 (
“You Are My Sunshine”
); Reilly, 155; Harmon,
Combat Commander,
109 (
“Corporal of the guard!”
).

Mornings, he lounged
: Sherwood, 688; Roosevelt,
As He Saw It,
102; Macmillan,
The Blast of War,
194; Kersaudy, 240 (
“Come and see”
); Ismay, OH, Dec. 17 and Dec. 20, 1946, FCP, MHI (
“Very well”
); Frederick E. Morgan, OH, n.d., FCP, MHI (
“to view with contempt”
); Charles F. A. Portal, OH, Feb. 7, 1947, FCP, MHI (
“We don’t get paid”
).

Roosevelt also found
: Roosevelt,
As He Saw It,
94; Codman, 76; Powell,
In Barbary
.

A state dinner
:
FRUS,
832 (
effects of teetotalism
), 608 (
“there just aren’t going”
).

Around and around
: “Minutes of Meeting,” CCS, Jan. 16, 1943, 1030 hrs., NARA RG 218, JCS records, box 195 (
“how Germany is to be defeated”
).

There it was
: “Minutes of a meeting at the White House on Thursday, Jan. 7, 1943, at 1500,” NARA RG 165, E 422, box 54;
FRUS,
594–96, 597 (
“not interested in occupying Italy”
); Trumbull Higgins,
Soft Underbelly,
47; “Minutes of Meeting,” CCS, Jan. 18, 1943, 1030 hrs., NARA RG 218, JCS records, box 195.

After two stormy hours
: Danchev and Todman, eds., 362 (
“It is no use”
).

“We lost our shirts”
: Wedemeyer, 191–92.

Besides, the president
: Signal Corps film, ADC-979 and ADC-465, NARA; Walter Logan, United Press account, Jan. 21, 1943; Durno, 74 (
“Roadsides were a panorama”
); Reilly, 160 (
To distract curious
), 155 (
“The Heinies know”
); Harmon, 109; Blumenson,
The Patton Papers, 1940–1945,
157 (
“bunch of cheap detectives”
); Clark,
Calculated Risk,
149 (
“Negro troops who”
); Whitehead, 35–37; “President’s Trip to Casablanca,” Guy H. Spaman to Frank J. Wilson, June 26, 1945, FDR Lib, Secret Service records, box 4 (
no bullets
); Harriman and Abel, 181 (
trained on the docile troops
).

Rumors that FDR
: Houston, 144 (
“Anything is possible”
); Durno, 75–79; Logan, UP account, Jan. 21, 1943; Blumenson,
The Patton Papers, 1940–1945,
158 (
“says India is lost”
);
Three Years,
283 (
“hoped to die”
).

The distant roar
: “Minutes of Meeting,” CCS, Jan. 19, 1943, 1600 hrs., NARA RG 218, JCS records, box 195; Austin, 71–72 (
“We’ll need”
); John S. D. Eisenhower,
Allies,
238 (
“petit De Gaulle”
), 244; Tompkins, 230 (
“a self-seeker”
); Codman, 72, 80 (
“Uncle Sam”
); Murphy, 170, 174–76; Roosevelt,
As He Saw It,
74, 91 (
“a dud”
); De Gaulle, 387, 392; Anthony Eden,
The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon,
421; Leahy, 144; Pendar, 151 (
Jeanne d’Arc
); Moran, 88;
FRUS,
694; Harmon, 109; Signal Corps film, ADC-979 and ADC-465, NARA; Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate,
682; Sherwood, 685 (
entire Secret Service detail
); Reilly, 158.

But here they were
: Signal Corps film, ADC-979 and ADC-465, NARA; Price, 190; MacVane,
Journey into War,
180–83; Davis,
Experience of War,
379; Sherwood, 688 (
“a very warlike look”
); Jordan,
Jordan’s Tunis Diary,
153 (
“Peter Pan”
); Parris and Russell, 277 (
“I was born”
).

As the generals
:
FRUS,
726 (
“unprecedented in history”
), 822; Macmillan,
The Blast of War,
203; Price, 191; Middleton, 254; Harriman and Abel, 186 (
“the privilege”
); Moorehead, 119 (
“It was all rather embarrassing”
).

“I think we have all”
:
FRUS,
727; Copson, “Summit at Casablanca” (
“storm and ruin”
).

No one scrutinizing
: Sherwood, 687, 696 (
“popped into my mind”
);
FRUS,
635 (
“the united nations”
); “Minutes of a meeting at the White House on Thursday, Jan. 7, 1943, at 1500,” NARA RG 165, E 422, box 54; Wedemeyer, 187 (
“compel the Germans”
).

What was done was done
: Robert Dallek,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945,
373; Howard,
Grand Strategy,
vol. IV, 282–85; Anne Armstrong,
Unconditional Surrender,
13–14 (
Third Punic War
and
none of the fifteen
).

The reporters had their story
: MacVane,
Journey into War,
180–83; Austin, 73 (
“What’s your paper, eh?”)
; Middleton, 254 (
“the touch of the world”
).

The Sinners’ Concourse

while the hacks
: Harriman and Abel, 191 (
For four hours
); Moran, 89; Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate,
694 (
“most elaborately organized brothels”
); “Minutes of Meeting,” Jan. 15, 1943, 1000 hrs., NARA RG 218, JCS records, box 169 (
“refuse any invitation”
); Sherwood, 694; Pendar, 135.

Their refuge
: “Moses Taylor Villa,” NARA RG 338, Fifth Army files, box 262; Durno, 26; Bryant, 563; Pendar, 136, 140, 145 (
nervous breakdown
).

Looming above La Saadia
: Moran, 90 (
“paralyzed legs dangling”
); Churchill,
Hinge of Fate,
695; Pendar, 148–49.

They sat in reverent silence
:
FRUS,
535; Powell,
In Barbary,
428, 436 (
Sinners’ Concourse
); Pendar, 148–49 (
“ain’t no war”
); Marvine Howe, “In Marrakesh,”
New York Times
, March 3, 2002; Larrabee, 39.

But what should happen
: Morison,
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II,
vol. IX:
Sicily-Salerno-Anzio,
7 (
“Where do we go”
); GCM, OH, Oct. 29, 1956, FCP, GCM Lib (
“chrome steel baseboards”
); “Minutes of Meeting,” JCS, Jan. 20, 1943, 0900 hrs., NARA RG 218, box 169; Lamb, 222 (
“Nothing in the world”
).

The compromises at Anfa
: Behrens, 331; Greenfield,
American Strategy,
92 (
“I note that the Americans”
); Morton Yarmon, “The Administrative and Logistical History of the ETO,” part IV, “TORCH and the European Theater of Operations,” 1946, CMH, 8.31 AA, 117; Vigneras, 31, 38; Abraham Friedman, “Operation TORCH: The Dispatch of Aircraft from the United Kingdom by Eighth Air Force,” Sept. 14, 1944, Historical Section, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, NARA RG 407, E 427, box 24351, 15–16; Slessor, 448.

Many months would also pass
: Armstrong, 154 (
“putrefying albatross”
); Parkinson, 70; Greenfield,
American Strategy,
9; Thomas Fleming,
The New Dealers’ War: F.D.R. and the War Within World War II,
184–85; Warlimont, 316; Howard,
Grand Strategy,
vol. IV, 284 (
“a word of encouragement”
).

A sense of companionship
: Murphy, 168 (
“a reluctant tail”
); Christopher Hitchens, “The Medals of His Defeat,”
Atlantic Monthly,
Apr. 2002, 118 (
wariness
); Danchev and Todman, eds., 364 (
“charming people”
); “Minutes of Meeting,” copy #61, CCS, NARA RG 218, JCS records, box 195 (
some pencil turned
); George Q. Flynn,
The Mess in Washington: Manpower Mobilization in World War II,
207 (
a great waterman
); Harriman and Abel, 191 (
“the old order could not last”
).

Dinner at La Saadia
: Pendar, 149–58 (
“I am the pasha”
and
“Don’t tell me”
); Roosevelt,
As He Saw It,
119; Churchill,
The Hinge of Fate,
695; Moran, 90 (
“I love these Americans”
); Harriman and Abel, 191–92; Larrabee, 39.

CHAPTER 8: A BITS AND PIECES WAR

“Goats Set Out to Lure a Tiger”

The almond trees
: Robinett,
Armor Command,
152–55 (
panniers heaped
and
grave markers
); Moorehead, 109 (
veiled women peered
); Henry E. Gardiner, ts, n.d., USMA Arch, 120 (
its brakes stuck
).

As a first line of defense
: Anthony Clayton,
Three Marshals of France,
74 (
“British senior officers”
); Adrian Clements Gore, “This Was the Way It Was,” ts, 1987, IWM, 90/29/1 (
“a comic-opera soldier”
).

The French possessed almost no
: Truscott,
Command Missions,
135; Anderson, “Operations in North West Africa,” June 7, 1943,
London Gazette;
Ankrum, 207, 225; Liebling,
Mollie & Other War Pieces,
92 (
“goats set out”
); msg, Advance AFHQ to AFHQ, Feb. 3 and 4, 1943, NARA, AFHQ micro, R-100-D, 319.1 (
“somewhat discouraged”
).

“This past week”
: “Memo for diary,” Jan. 19, 1943, Chandler, 909;
Three Years,
242–43 (
“one of the world’s greatest”
), 244, 245 (
“Mud is a silly alibi”
), 250; DDE to J. T. McNarney, Jan. 19, 1943, Chandler, 914 (
“There is no use”
).

The abrupt scuttling
: DDE to GCM, Jan. 30, 1943, Chandler, 932 (
“We must keep”
); DDE to CCS, Feb. 3, 1943, Chandler, 934 (
“offensively defensive”
); Butcher diary, Jan. 18, 1943, DDE Lib, A-161 (
“I don’t want anything”
).

In this the Germans: NWAf,
377; memo, DDE to W. B. Smith, Jan. 11, 1943, and memo, L. W. Rooks to W. B. Smith, Feb. 11, 1943, NARA AFHQ micro, R-71 Special (
“no action can be taken”
); Rame, 221 (
“retiring from crest to crest”
); Anderson, “Operations in North West Africa” (
“not hopeful”
).