Anatomy of an Epidemic (54 page)

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33.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
(1999), 3, 68, 78.

34.
J. Glenmullen,
Prozac Backlash
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 196.

35.
Lacasse, “Serotonin and depression.”

36.
R. Fuller, “Effect of an uptake inhibitor on serotonin metabolism in rat brain,”
Life Sciences
15 (1974): 1161–71.

37.
D. Wong, “Subsensitivity of serotonin receptors after long-term treatment of rats with fluoxetine,”
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
32 (1981): 41–51.

38.
J. Wamsley, “Receptor alterations associated with serotonergic agents,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
48, suppl. (1987): 19–25.

39.
A. Schatzberg,
Textbook of Psychopharmacology
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995), 8.

40.
C. Montigny, “Modification of serotonergic neuron properties by long-term treatment with serotonin reuptake blockers,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
51, suppl. B (1990): 4–8.

41.
D. Wong, “Subsensitivity of serotonin receptors after long-term treatment of rats with fluoxetine,”
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
32 (1981): 41–51.

42.
C. Montigny, “Modification of serotonergic neuron properties by long-term treatment with serotonin reuptake blockers,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
51, suppl. B (1990): 4–8.

43.
R. Fuller, “Inhibition of serotonin reuptake,”
Federation Proceedings
36 (1977): 2154–58.

44.
B. Jacobs, “Serotonin and behavior,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
52, suppl. (1991): 151–62.

45.
Schatzberg,
Textbook of Psychopharmacology
, 619.

46.
S. Hyman, “Initiation and adaptation: A paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
153 (1996): 151–61.

Chapter 6: A Paradox Revealed

1.
E. Stip, “Happy birthday neuroleptics!”
European Psychiatry
17 (2002): 115–19.

2.
M. Boyle, “Is schizophrenia what it was?”
Journal of the History of Behavioral Science
26 (1990): 323–33; M. Boyle,
Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion?
(New York: Routledge, 1990).

3.
P. Popenoe, “In the melting pot,”
Journal of Heredity
14 (1923): 223.

4.
J. Cole, editor,
Psychopharmacology
(Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1959), 142.

5.
Ibid, 386–87.

6.
N. Lehrman, “Follow-up of brief and prolonged psychiatric hospitalization,”
Comprehensive Psychiatry
2 (1961): 227–40.

7.
R. Warner,
Recovery from Schizophrenia
(Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), 74.

8.
L. Epstein, “An approach to the effect of ataraxic drugs on hospital release rates,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
119 (1962): 246–61.

9.
C. Silverman,
The Epidemiology of Depression
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), 139.

10.
J. Swazey,
Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974), 247.

11.
Cole,
Psychopharmacology
, 144, 285.

12.
Ibid, 285.

13.
Ibid, 347.

14.
R. Baldessarini,
Chemotherapy in Psychiatry
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 29.

15.
A. Schatzberg, editor,
Textbook of Psychopharmacology
(Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995), 624.

16.
P. Gilbert, “Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
52 (1995): 173–88.

17.
J. Geddes, “Prevention of relapse,”
New England Journal of Medicine
346 (2002): 56–58.

18.
L. Dixon, “Conventional antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia.”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
21 (1995): 567–77.

19.
Stip, “Happy birthday, neuroleptics!”

20.
N. Schooler, “One year after discharge,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
123 (1967): 986–95.

21.
R. Prien, “Discontinuation of chemotherapy for chronic schizophrenics,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
22 (1971): 20–23.

22.
G. Gardos and J. Cole, “Maintenance antipsychotic therapy: is the cure worse than the disease?”
American Journal of Psychiatry
133 (1977): 32–36.

23.
G. Gardos and J. Cole, “Withdrawal syndromes associated with antipsychotic drugs,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
135 (1978): 1321–24. Also see Gardos and Cole, “Maintenance antipsychotic therapy.”

24.
J. Bockoven, “Comparison of two five-year follow-up studies,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
132 (1975): 796–801.

25.
W. Carpenter, “The treatment of acute schizophrenia without drugs,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
134 (1977): 14–20.

26.
M. Rappaport, “Are there schizophrenics for whom drugs may be unnecessary or contraindicated?”
International Pharmacopsychiatry
13 (1978): 100–11.

27.
S. Mathews, “A non-neuroleptic treatment for schizophrenia,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
5 (1979): 322–32.

28.
J. Bola, “Treatment of acute psychosis without neuroleptics,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
191 (2003): 219–29.

29.
Carpenter, “The treatment of acute schizophrenia.”

30.
G. Paul, “Maintenance psychotropic drugs in the presence of active treatment programs,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
27 (1972): 106–14.

31.
T. Van Putten, “The board and care home: does it deserve a bad press?”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
30 (1979): 461–64.

32.
Gardos and Cole, “Maintenance antipsychotic therapy.”

33.
P. Deniker, “Are the antipsychotic drugs to be withdrawn?” in C. Shagass, editor,
Biological Psychiatry
(New York: Elsevier, 1986), 1–9.

34.
G. Chouinard, “Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
135 (1978): 1409–10.

35.
G. Chouinard, “Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: Clinical and pharmacologic characteristics,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
137 (1980): 16–20.

36.
G. Chouinard, “Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis, the ‘Hump Course,’ and tardive dyskinesia,”
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
2 (1982): 143–44.

37.
G. Chouinard, “Severe cases of neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis,”
Schizophrenia Research
5 (1991): 21–33.

38.
P. Muller, “Dopaminergic supersensitivity after neuroleptics,”
Psychopharmacology
60 (1978): 1–11.

39.
L. Martensson, “Should neuroleptic drugs be banned?”
Proceedings of the World Federation of Mental Health Conference in Copenhagen
, 1984, accessed via
www.larsmartensson.com
, 10/30/08.

40.
P. Breggin,
Brain Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry
(New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1997), 60.

41.
S. Snyder,
Drugs and the Brain
(New York: Scientific American Library, 1986), 88.

42.
C. Harding, “The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
144 (1987): 727–34; C. Harding, “The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
144 (1987): 727–35.

43.
P. McGuire, “New hope for people with schizophrenia,”
APA Monitor
31 (February 2000).

44.
C. Harding, “Empirical correction of seven myths about schizophrenia with implications for treatment,”
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
384, suppl. (1994): 14–16.

45.
A. Jablensky, “Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures,”
Psychological Medicine
20, monograph (1992): 1–95.

46.
Ibid. See tables on page 60 for medication usage by individual centers; see table on page 64 for medication usage by developing and developed countries.

47.
K. Hopper, “Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
26 (2000): 835–46.

48.
J. Wade, “Tardive dyskinesia and cognitive impairment,”
Biological Psychiatry
22 (1987): 393–95.

49.
M. Myslobodsky, “Central determinants of attention and mood disorder in tardive dyskinesia,”
Brain and Cognition
23 (1993): 56–70.

50.
H. Wisniewski, “Neurofibrillary pathology in brains of elderly schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics,”
Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders
8 (1994): 211–27.

51.
M. Chakos, “Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
151 (1994): 1430–36; A. Madsen, “Neuroleptics in progressive structural brain abnormalities in psychiatric illness,”
Lancet
352 (1998): 784–85; R. Gur, “A follow-up of magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
55 (1998): 145–52.

52.
R. Gur, “Subcortical MRI volumes in neuroleptic-naïve and treated patients with schizophrenia,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
155 (1998): 1711–17.

53.
P. Seeman, “Dopamine supersensitivity correlates with D
2
HIGH states, implying many paths to psychosis,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
102 (2005): 3513–18.

54.
B. Ho, “Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
60 (2003): 585–94.

55.
N. Andreasen, “Longitudinal changes in neurocognition during the first decade of schizophrenia illness,”
International Congress on Schizophrenia Research
(2005): 348.

56.
C. Dreifus, “Using imaging to look at changes in the brain,”
New York Times
, September 16, 2008.

57.
T. McGlashan, “Rationale and parameters for medication-free research in psychosis,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
32 (2006): 300–302.

58.
M. Harrow, “Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
195 (2007): 406–14.

59.
National Institute of Mental Health, “The Numbers Count,” accessed at
www.nimh.nih.gov
on 3/7/2008.

Chapter 7: The Benzo Trap

1.
S. Garfield, “Valium’s 40th Birthday,”
Observer
, February 2, 2003.

2.
E. Shorter,
A History of Psychiatry
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 161, 181.

3.
A. Tone,
The Age of Anxiety
(New York: Basic Books, 2009), 15.

4.
American Psychiatry Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(1952), 31.

5.
C. Silverman,
The Epidemiology of Depression
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), 139.

6.
L. Hollister, “Drugs for emotional disorders,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
234 (1975): 942–47.

7.
F. Ayd Jr.,
Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1970), 127.

8.
D. Greenblatt, “Meprobamate: a study of irrational drug use,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
127 (1971): 33–39.

9.
C. Essig, “Addiction to nonbarbiturate sedative and tranquillizing drugs,”
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
5 (1964): 334–43.

10.
“Letdown for Miltown,”
Time
, April 30, 1965.

11.
Tone,
The Age of Anxiety
, 171.

12.
M. Smith,
Small Comfort
(New York: Praeger, 1985), 78.

13.
Tone,
The Age of Anxiety
, 172.

14.
G. Cant, “Valiumania,”
New York Times
, February 1, 1976.

15.
R. Hughes,
The Tranquilizing of America
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), 8.

16.
Tone,
The Age of Anxiety
, 176.

17.
Committee on the Review of Medicines, “Systematic review of the benzodiazepines,”
British Medical Journal
280 (1980): 910–12.

18.
Editorial, “Benzodiazepines on trial,”
British Medical Journal
288 (1984): 1101–12.

19.
Smith,
Small Comfort
, 32.

20.
S. Stahl, “Don’t ask, don’t tell, but benzodiazepines are still the leading treatments for anxiety disorder,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
63 (2002): 756–67.

21.
IMS Health, “Top therapeutic classes by U.S. dispensed prescriptions,” 2006 and 2007 reports.

22.
K. Solomon, “Pitfalls and prospects in clinical research on antianxiety drugs,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
39 (1978): 823–31.

23.
A. Shapiro, “Diazepam: how much better than placebo?”
Journal of Psychiatric Research
17 (1983): 51–73.

24.
C. Gudex, “Adverse effects of benzodiazepines,”
Social Science & Medicine
33 (1991): 587–96.

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