Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 (30 page)

party
75–
76

German unification
88
–
89

denunciation of Stalin
71

glasnost
60,
67–
73,
83,
115,
178–

Eastern Europe
86–
87,
88–
89,

179,
205

184–
185

Arguments and Facts
68

final days of the Soviet Union
Moscow News
97

109–
111

Ogonyok
(Flame)
70

first inner circle
59

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, and
The
first moves at reform
60–
62

Gulag Archipeligo
68

‘Gorbymania’
87–
88

Vzglyad
(Viewpoint)
69

and Ligachev
81
–
82

The God That Failed
33,
59,
176–

Nina Andreeva manipulation
177,
200

73–
75,
77,
80

general disillusionment with the reinvigorating the soviets
76
–
77

Soviet system
68
–
73

‘reorganization’ of the party Gorbachev, Mikhail
ix,
3,
5,
9,
27,

Secretariat
77,
80,
176

29,
30,
31,
38,
58–
59,
62,
69,

socialist romanticism
2
–
3,
9,

70,
72,
73,
80,
86,
88,
92,
93,

29–
30,
57,
84,
178
–
179,

94,
95,
96,
98,
115,
118,
142,

181,
182,
220

146,
149,
152,
153,
154,

tying up the KGB
211
–
212

159,
172,
176,
177,
181,
194

and union republics
81,
108

and 500-day program
90,
96

unwillingness to defend Soviet 1987–1988 economic reforms system by force
83
–
85,
104,

60–
61,
65–
67

112,
174,
177

1990–1991 policy zig-zags
90
–92

and Yakovlev
206

and Andropov
39,
51
–52,
55

and Yeltsin
104–
105,
111–
112,

and August putsch
101,
112

179–
180

arms reductions
87

Great Depression
19,
20,
21,
23,

assumption of power
50,
52
–
53,

119,
195

54–
57

Grishin, Viktor
54,
56,
94

biography
35
–39,
58–
59,
93,
175

ambitions to become General-call for a law-based state
147
–
148

Secretary
56

Catch-22 between reform and Gromyko, Andrei
49
–
50,
51,
52,

destabilization
176
–
177

53,
55,
56,
59,
87

239

index

Gromyko, Andrei (
cont’d
) State Procuracy (Soviet)
6,
161

ambitions to become General-State Supply Commission— Secretary
203

Gossnab
x

Supreme Court (Soviet)
162

Helsinki Accords (1975)
24

Supreme Soviet (Russia)
149,

Hussein, Saddam, and invasion of
162

Kuwait
184

Supreme Soviet (Soviet)
49,
147,

149,
161

institutions
viii

Supreme Soviet legislature Central Bank (Russia)
110,
121,

(Soviet)
152

124

International Monetary Fund Central Committee Apparat

(IMF)
120,
121,
122,
127,

(Soviet)
ix,
6,
46,
55,
63,
73,

185

115,
148,
152,
153,
154,

Russia’s failure to meet loan
205,
218

conditions
222

Central Statistical Administration (Soviet), lack of a computer Karabakh
4,
72,
84,
90

in 1965
63

Kazakhstan
xi,
4,
99,
105–
106,
107,

Constitutional Court (Russia)
155

163–
164

and Union Treaty
97,
105

Council of Ministers (Soviet) KGB
5,
6,
39,
49,
53,
56,
58,
67,
83,

152

84,
91,
97,
98,
104,
107,
143,

Defence Ministry (Russia)
97

146,
147,
152,
159,
161,

Economics Ministry (Russia)
6

163,
167,
169,
173;
see also
executive branch (Russia)
146
– Chebrikov; Kryuchkov; and

147

Leonov

Federation Council (Russia)
151

and August putsch
99
–
101,

judicial system (Russia)
162,
167

182–
183

Ministry of Justice (Soviet)
161

and the Baltics
207

presidency (Russia)
149,

cold war warnings
2,
53,
172,

151–
154

189

presidency (Soviet)
148–
149

Gorbachev’s instructions for Presidential Administration martial law
211–
212

(Russia)
6,
152,
154,
218

industrial espionage and funds Property Office of the

channeling
63,
125,
127

Presidential Administration methods
45

(Russia)
152–
153

one known insubordination
221

State Duma (Russia)
151,
152

post-Soviet (Russian)
97,
159
– State Planning Commission—
160

Gosplan (Soviet)
x,
6

profiteering
115,
128

240

index

repression of dissent
27,
35–
36,

rule of law
143
–
144,
166,
170

45

Ligachev, Yegor
ix,
52,
55,
59,
71,

strength
4

93,
94,
95,
96,
98,
176,
182

support for national and popular and Gorbachev
81–
82

front movements
72–
73

and Yakovlev
82–
83

Khasbulatov, Ruslan
149,
160,
217

Lithuania
72,
90,
91,
103,
107,

Khrushchev, Nikita
31,
38,
82,
83,

110,
193

182

and client networks
29

Machiavelli [Niccolò]
84

revived party role vis-à-vis the military

state
80

military-industrial complex, and socialist romanticism
2,
43,

expenditures for
61

57,
176,
181

Russian army
152,
155

secret speech and denunciation inability to conduct reform of Stalin
22,
35,
37,
70,
71

189–
190

Kissinger, Henry
14,
25

Soviet (Red) Army
83,
84,
98,

Kohl, Helmut
89

104,
107,
173

Korzhakov, Alexander
95

and August putsch
97,
99,

Kosygin, Aleksei
63,
65

100

Kravchuk, Leonid
97,
105,
109

backing of Yeltsin over

Kryuchkov, Vladimir
98,
100,
101,

Gorbachev
110

102, 102,
147,
209

disintegration
183,
188–
189

arrest and release
211

as part of the elite
5

Kulakov, Fyodor
39

profiteering
115

pullout from Europe
88,
184
– Latvia
72,
90,
91,
103,
110,
193

185

Lenin, Vladimir and Leninism
30,

and the Second World War

36,
65,
68,
70,
83,
176,
182,

32–
33

192

strength
4

Leonov, Nikolai
86,
209

on Ukrainian territory
109

on lies permeating the Soviet Warsaw Pact
87,
89,
184

Union
210

Mlynárˇ, Zdeneˇk
175
–
176,
177,
182

on the doomed putsch
101

Moldova (Moldavia)
4,
90,
91

on the need for a new generation MVD (Interior Ministry)
83,
84,

to take power
53–
54

173,
183

and socialist romanticism
200

and August putsch
99
–
101

liberalism and a liberal order balooning in the 1990s
188–
189

143–
144,
147

strength
4

market-facilitating institutions
18–
19

NATO
87,
89,
172,
223

241

index

Nazarbayev, Nursultan
97,
105
– Putin, Vladimir
146,
189

106,
109
–
110

attempts at developing Russian Nixon, Richard
14

nationalism
192

with Brezhnev
25

Eurasian foreign policy
194

uncertain efforts to bring order oil shock
10
–12,
15

158,
167,
168

Arab–Israeli War (1973) as cause putsch (August 1991)
98
–103,

10–
11

108,
112,
149,
159,
183

effect on Germany and Japan
12

weak men
101,
210

effect on the United States
12–
14

Russia
2,
8–
9,
129,
139,
142,
143,

long-run effect on worldwide
146,
147,
159,
163–
164,
172,

capitalism
26

179,
181,
190,
192

oligarchs
117,
146,
213

agriculture
216

inflated role of
9

assuming Soviet debt
119

Orwell, George
21

barriers to economic

and
Animal Farm
113–
115

restructuring
136–
139,
141

capital flight
127

Pavlov, Valentin
99,
100,
101

corruption
126–
127,
128
–
129,

perestroika
viii, ix, x,
58,
62,
68,
71,

145

72,
75,
82,
85,
118,
174,
177,

democracy without liberalism
178,
183,
192

168–
170

in the context of cold war executive branch

competition
27–
28

aggrandizement in the

in the context of socialist regions
156
–158

romanticism
29–
30

as a federation
154–
155

as destroying the Soviet Union
2

government advertising for as restructuring relationship with ministers
212

the West
62

institutional landscape
165–
167

stability before
27

lack of restructuring of the as a success
183

economy
134–
136

Pope John Paul II (Karol Woitlya) mafia and criminal groups
128