Armed Humanitarians (51 page)

22
Ned Parker, “U.S. Limits Diplomats' Travel in Iraq,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 19, 2007.

23
Matthew Lee, “Blackwater Security Contractors Still in Iraq,” Associated Press, April 20, 2009.

24
Charlie Savage, “Judge Drops Charges from Blackwater Deaths in Iraq,”
New York Times
, December 31, 2009.

25
Mike Baker, “Blackwater Settles Series of Civil Lawsuits,” Associated Press, January 7, 2010.

10. Peace Corps on Steroids

1
See, for example, Andrew Hansen and Lauren Vriens, “Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) or L'Organisation Al-Qaïda au Maghreb Islamique (Formerly Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat or Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat),” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, July 21, 2009, www.cfr.org/publication/12717.

2
Richard Catoire, “A CINC for Sub-Saharan Africa? Rethinking the Unified Command Plan,”
Parameters
, Winter 2000–2001, pp. 102–17.

3
Lauren Ploch, “Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, April 3, 2010, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34003.pdf, pp. 35–39.

4
Ibid.

5
Scott Feil, “Preventing Genocide: How the Early Use of Force Might Have Succeeded in Rwanda,” report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, April 1998.

6
Catoire, “CINC for Sub-Saharan Africa.”

7
Ibid.

8
“President Bush Creates a Department of Defense Unified Combatant Command for Africa,” February 6, 2007, White House press release.

9
Lauren Gelfand, “Air of Unease Remains as U.S. Africa Command Becomes Fully Operational,”
Jane's Defence Weekly
, September 29, 2008.

10
Shaun Benton, “US to Shed Light on AFRICOM,” SouthAfrica.info, September 21, 2007, www.safrica.info/africa/africom-210907.htm.

11
Kitsepile Nyathi, “Plans to Base U.S. Africa Command in Botswana Causes Tension,”
Nation
(Kenya), September 13, 2007.

12
Bill Sizemore, “Private Army Is Ready for Hire, Company Says,”
Virginian-Pilot
, March 31, 2006.

13
U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Peacekeeping: Thousands Trained but United States Is Unlikely to Complete All Activities by 2010 and Some Improvements Are Needed,” Report to Congressional Committees, report no. GAO-08-754, June 26, 2008, www.gao.gov/new.items/d08754.pdf.

14
“Theresa Whelan, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for African Affairs, Remarks to IPOA [International Peace Operations Association] dinner, November 19, 2003, Washington, D.C.,” http://policy.defense.gov/sections/policy_offices/isa/africa/IPOA.htm.

15
“AFRICAP Recompete,” awards notice posted on FedBizOpps.gov (Federal Business Opportunities), www.fbo.gov/index?tab=core&s=opportunity&mode=form&id=8c9852ce91f1fe6c3e79273f0b04e500&tabmode=list.

16
U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Peacekeeping.”

17
William Ward, “Toward a Horizon of Hope: Considerations for Long-Term Stability in Postconflict Situations,”
Joint Force Quarterly
, no. 45 (Second Quarter 2007).

18
Ibid.

19
Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels,”
New York Times
, February 6, 2009.

11. Windshield Ethnographers

1
Alissa Rubin and Mudhafer al-Husaini, “Baghdad Blast Kills Four Americans,”
New York Times
, June 25, 2008.

2
Montgomery McFate, “Iraq: The Social Context of IEDs,”
Military Review
, May–June 2005.

3
Ibid.

4
Noah Shachtman, “Army Anthropologist's Controversial Culture Clash,”
Wired
, October 2008.

5
Jacob Kipp, Lester Grau, Karl Prinslow, and Captain Dan Smith, “The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21st Century,”
Military Review
, September–October 2006.

6
Montgomery McFate, “Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of Their Curious Relationship,”
Military Review
, March–April 2005.

7
Ibid.

8
David Price,
Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008), pp. 9–10.

9
Ibid., pp. 11–13.

10
Ibid., p. 14.

11
See “National Character,” a subsection of “Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture,” Library of Congress exhibition, www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/oneworld-char.html.

12
Price,
Anthropological Intelligence
, p. 239.

13
Irving Louis Horowitz, ed.,
The Rise and Fall of Project Camelot: Studies in the Relationship between Social Science and Practical Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967), p. 47.

14
Ibid., p. 51.

15
Seymour Deitchman,
The Best-Laid Schemes: A Tale of Social Research and Bureaucracy
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976), p. 16.

16
Ibid., pp. 169–70.

17
McFate, “Anthropology and Counterinsurgency.”

18
George Packer, “Knowing the Enemy: Can Social Scientists Redefine the ‘War on Terror'?”
New Yorker
, December 18, 2006.

19
Sharon Weinberger, “The Pentagon's Culture Wars,”
Nature
, October 2, 2008.

20
Zenia Helbig, “Memorandum: Human Terrain System Program; U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command,” letter to Representative Ike Skelton, chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and Representative Henry Waxman, chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, September 13, 2007, www.brama.com/news/press/2007/12/070913HelbigCongressMemo.pdf.

21
David Glenn, “Former Human Terrain System Participant Describes Program in Disarray,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, December 5, 2007.

22
“Pledge of Non-participation in Counter-insurgency,” http://sites.google.com/site/concernedanthropologists.

23
Montgomery McFate, quoted in Weinberger, “The Pentagon's Culture Wars.”

24
Lee Hill Kavanaugh, “Army Takes Human Terrain to Heart,”
Kansas City Star
, October 14, 2008.

25
David Rohde, “Army Enlists Anthropology in War Zones,”
New York Times
, October 5, 2007.

26
Weinberger, “The Pentagon's Culture Wars,” pp. 583–85.

27
Adam Geller, “One Man's Odyssey from Campus to Combat,”
Army Times
, March 16, 2009.

28
USAID, Office of Inspector General, “Audit of USAID/Iraq's Community Stabilization Program,” audit report number E-267-08-001-P, March 18, 2008, www.usaid.gov/oig//files/22/69/23/f226923/public/fy08rpts/e-267-08-001-p.pdf.

29
Roberto Gonzalez,
American Counterinsurgency: Human Science and the Human Terrain
(Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2009), p. 68.

30
Noah Shachtman, “Third ‘Human Terrain' Researcher Dead,” Wired.com, Danger Room, January 8, 2009, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/01/third-human-ter.

31
Noah Shachtman, “No Jail Time for Army Contractor in Revenge Killing,” Wired.com, Danger Room, May 8, 2009, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/05/no-jail-time-in-human-terrain-slaying.

32
Major Ben Connable, “All Our Eggs in a Broken Basket: How the Human Terrain System is Undermining Sustainable Military Cultural Competence,”
Military Review
, March–April 2009.

33
Private First Class J. P. Lawrence, “Army Deploys Social Scientists to Study Iraqi Culture,” 34th Infantry Division news article, June 4, 2009, www.theredbulls.org/article116.

12. Obama's War

1
Captain Stacie Shafran, “Girls' School Opens in Panjshir,” American Forces Press Service, July 21, 2009.

2
Thomas Friedman, “Teacher, Can We Leave Now? No,”
New York Times
, July 17, 2009.

3
Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, Hamit Dardagan, et al., “The Weapons That Kill Civilians—Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008,”
New England Journal of Medicine
, April 16, 2009.

4
Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, “National Defense University (Washington, D.C.),” speech, September 29, 2008, www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1279.

5
“David Kilcullen Joins CNAS as a Senior Fellow,” CNAS press release, November 19, 2008.

6
Kenneth Katzman, “Afghanistan: Politics, Government Formation and Performance,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, June 26, 2009, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/127030.pdf.

7
Laura Rozen, “Winning Hearts and Minds: All of McChrystal's Advisors,” Foreignpolicy.com, July 31, 2009.

8
Anthony Cordesman, “How to Lose in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post
, August 31, 2009.

9
“U.S. Military Moves to Defuse Tension after Afghan Riot,” Associated Press, July 27, 2005.

10
Tim Golden, “In U.S. Report, Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates' Deaths,”
New York Times
, May 20, 2005.

11
David Kilcullen, “Political Maneuver in Counterinsurgency: Roadbuilding in Afghanistan,” Small Wars Journal, April 24, 2008, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/04/political-maneuver-in-counteri.

12
Ibid.

13
Jean MacKenzie, “Are U.S Taxpayers Funding the Taliban?”
GlobalPost
, September 2, 2009, www.globalpost.com/dispatch/afghanistan/090902/usaid-taliban-funding.

14
Matt Waldman, “Aid Effectiveness in Afghanistan,” paper, ACBAR (Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief), Advocacy Series, March 2008, www.acbar.org/ACBAR%20Publications/ACBAR%20Aid%20Effectiveness%20%2825%20Mar%2008%29.pdf.

15
Anthony Cordesman, “The New Metrics of Afghanistan: The Data Needed to Support, Shape, Clear, Hold, and Build,” Center for Strategic and International Studies commentary, August 10, 2009, www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/CSIS-New-Metrics-Afghanistan_2009-08-07_.pdf.

16
Patrick Cockburn, “A Land Darkened by the Shadow of the Taliban,”
Independent
, May 3, 2009.

17
Revolutionary Association of Afghan Women, “Crime and Barbarism in Shirpur by Afghan Ministers and High Authorities,” report, www.rawa.org/land2.htm.

18
Elizabeth Bumiller and Mark Landler, “Civilian Goals Largely Unmet in Afghanistan,”
New York Times
, October 11, 2009.

Conclusion

1
Christopher Drew, “High Costs Weigh on Troop Debate for Afghanistan War,”
New York Times
, November 14, 2009.

2
“New COMISAF/ USFOR-A Commander Issues Counterinsurgency Guidance,” July 27, 2010, http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/625/.

3
Spencer Ackerman, “Proposal Circulates on New Civilian-Military Agency,”
Washington Independent
, November 3, 2009, http://washingtonindependent.com/66183/proposal-circulates-on-new-civilian-military-agency.

4
John Dickerson, “Defining Afghanistan Down: The President's New Strategy Will Include a New View of What's Possible,”
Slate
, October 28, 2009, www.slate.com/id/2233835.

5
Ashraf Ghani, “Ashraf Ghani on Rebuilding Broken States,” July 2005, TED video, www.ted.com/talks/ashraf_ghani_on_rebuilding_broken_states.html.

Select Bibliography

Books

Alderson, Andrew.
Bankrolling Basra: The Incredible Story of a Part-Time Soldier, $1 Billion and the Collapse of Iraq
. London: Constable & Robinson, 2007.

Barnett, Thomas.
The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
. New York: Berkley Books, 2005.

Berntsen, Gary, and Ralph Pezzullo.
Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Field Commander
. New York: Crown, 2005.

Berrios, Ruben.
Contracting for Development: The Role of For-Profit Development Contractors in U.S. Foreign Development Assistance
. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000.

Bowden, Mark.
Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War
. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999.

Burgess, Anthony.
The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.