Armies of Heaven (50 page)

In immediate connection with this book, I must thank my agent, Deborah Grosvenor, who guided my manuscript toward Basic Books and who has given me so much invaluable advice along the way. Lara Heimert at Basic Books strongly encouraged me to take the narrative approach in this book, retelling the events of the First Crusade through the prism of apocalyptic theory, and all of the editors and readers at Basic Books have done marvelous work turning a dense and difficult text into a far more accessible and effective story. Hats off especially to Brandon Proia, Melissa Veronesi, and Jan Kristiansson.

Will Fontanez and the University of Tennessee Cartographic Services Laboratory created this book's beautiful and beautifully clear maps, working well from my generally muddled requests and instruction. The UT History Department, the Marco Institute for Medieval Studies, and the UT Office of Research through the UT Exhibit, Performance, and Publication Expense Fund, generously contributed subventions to support the production of those maps as well as to pay for the many other illustrations that have enriched
Armies of Heaven
.

My colleagues and friends in medieval history have contributed enormously to this book in so many ways—through advice, through references, through reading and critiquing the many incarnations of its chapters, and through writing letters of support as I applied for a variety of different grants (many more than the ones listed here). I cannot imagine how I must have tried the patience of Sally Vaughn, Ed Peters, Sharon Farmer, Tim Graham, Philippe Buc, Jason Glenn, and Geoff Koziol. But they always
came through with reference letters for me without fail. The people who wrote letters of endorsement for the MacArthur Fellowship were anonymous. I thank all of you, and I hope this book does not entirely disappoint.

The scholars who have given advice and encouragement are more numerous still. Thanks so much, in no particular order, to Dennis McCarthy, Helen Damico, Kevin Uhalde, Christopher MacEvitt, Peggy Brown, Bill North, Victoria Morse, Marina Rustow, Jerry Passannante, Tom Burman, Nick Paul, Clementine Oliver, Brett Whalen, Matthew Gabriele, Tom Madden, Mark Pegg, Benedicta Ward, Cecelia Gaposchkin, Dominique Barthélemy, Frédérique Lachaud, John Ott, Maura Lafferty, Jean-Charles Bédague, Richard Landes, and Karin Fuchs. A number of crusade scholars, whom I have either met only through e-mail or only in passing at academic conferences, have generously given advice, including Jonathan Riley-Smith, Marcus Bull, Jean Flori, John France, Nikolas Jaspert, and Luigi Russo. Finally, I thank all of the graduate and undergraduate students with whom I have been fortune enough to have worked, many of whom have suffered through my crusade class. In this category, at the University of Tennessee, I have to thank especially Meghan Worth and Geoff Martin. This list is woefully incomplete. To everyone else, please accept my apologies and gratitude.

My friends have borne patiently with this project as well. Many of them, who like me are part of the medieval history game, have been mentioned. Others who don't fall into that category (Tom Bissell, who traveled to Jerusalem with me in 2007; Joseph McAlhany, who traveled around Bohemond's homeland with me that same year; my parents, Gene and Marilyn Rubenstein; and John Randolph and Gary Barth, Chad Brumley and Steve Barrick, who are the best friends a person could ask for) have made equally important contributions.

On the same day that I began putting the final touches on this manuscript, two very good friends passed away. Tom Sizgorich taught me a lot about religious violence during the one year I was fortunate enough to walk the same hallways as he at the University of New Mexico. His contribution to the study of history was already extraordinary. The loss to the field at his early passing is incalculable; the loss to his friends is beyond expression.

Jim Powell also will not be able to see this book, in many ways the product of his encouragement. During the 1998–1999 academic year,
when I was teaching at Syracuse, Jim treated me to many lunches, allowed me to raid his library, taught me so much about the crusades, and assured me that my small papers were saying something interesting about this well-worn historical topic of crusading. His friendship and support meant the world to me, and I will miss him sorely.

During the research and writing of this book, as is now apparent, I attended many conferences and spoke to many audiences. Most memorably, in the spring of 2008 I traveled from Paris to New York to participate in a conference at Fordham University. While there I went out to dinner with a magazine editor named Meredith McGroarty. About a year later, we were married. Because of her love and support, by the time I finished this book, I was a much happier person than I had been at the beginning—a transformation that enlivens even the darkest passages of this book. Because of her sharp advice and her editor's eye,
Armies of Heaven
tells a much better story than it would have done without her.

This book is for Meredith.

P
lease note that in instances where both a Latin text and an English translation are listed here, it is always the Latin version that is cited in the text of this book. English translations are provided to enable curious nonspecialist readers to consult source material. Citations are made according to book and chapter, and in the case of Fulcher, sentences, as well as by page. Book and chapter citations should enable readers to locate the cited material quickly, whatever edition or printing or translation they are working from. Sources that are cited within a single chapter appear in full in the notes.

 

AA: Albert of Aachen,
Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem
, ed. and trans. Susan B. Edgington (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2007).

AASS:
Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto urbe coluntur
, ed. Johannes Bal-landus et al., 70 vols. (Paris and Rome: Société des Bollandistes, 1863–).

Adso: Adso Dervensis,
De ortu et tempore Antichristi
, ed. D. Verhelst, CCCM 45 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1976).

Alexiad:
Anna Comnena,
The Alexiad
, trans. E. R. Sewter (London: Penguin Classics, 1969).

Alphandéry and Dupront: Paul Alphandéry and Alphonse Dupront,
La chrétienté et l'idée de croisade
(Paris: A. Michel, 1954–1959, repr. by A. Michel as a single volume, 1995).

Asbridge (2000): Thomas Asbridge,
The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130
(Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2000).

Asbridge (2004): Thomas Asbridge,
The First Crusade: A New History
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Autour de la Croisade: Autour de la Première Croisade: Actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East (Clermont-Ferrand, 22–25 juin 1995)
, ed. M. Balard (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1996).

BB: Baudry of Bourgueil (aka, Baldric of Dol),
Historia Hierosolymitana
, RHC
Oc
. 4, 10–110.

BL: British Library.

BN: Bartolph of Nangis,
Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnantium
, RHC
Oc.
3, 491–543.

BnF: Bibliothèque nationale de France.

BR: Bibliothèque Royale (Brussels).

Bull (1993): Marcus Bull,
Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c. 970–c. 1130
(Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993).

Caffaro: Caffaro,
De liberatione civitatum orientis
, RHC
Oc
. 5, 47–73.

CCCM: Corpus Christianorum continuatio Mediaevalis.

CCSL: Corpus Christianorum series Latina.

CdA:
La Chanson d'Antioche
, ed. Suzanna Duparc-Quioc, 2 vols. (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1977, 1978).

Chazan (1987): Robert Chazan,
European Jewry and the First Crusade
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987).

Chroniques: Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou et des seigneurs d'Amboise
, ed. Louis Halphen and René Poupardin (Paris: Auguste Picard, 1913).

Cohn (1957): Norman Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages
(London: Secker and Warberg, 1957).

EA: Ekkehard of Aura,
Hierosolymita: De oppresione, liberatione ac restauratione Jerosolymitanae Ecclesiae
, RHC
Oc.
, 5, 7–40.

École Française (1997):
Le Concile de Clermont de 1095 et l'appel à la Croisade
(Rome: École Française de Rome, 1997).

Erdmann,
Origin
: Carl Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
, trans. Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter Goffart (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977).

FC: Fulcher of Chartres,
Historia Hierosolymitana
, ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhand-lung, 1913); trans. France Rita Ryan,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem
,
1095–1127
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969).

Flori (1999): Jean Flori,
Pierre l'Ermite et la Première Croisade
(Paris: Fayard, 1999).

Flori (2007): Jean Flori,
L'Islam et la Fin des Temps: L'interprétation prophétique des invasions musulmanes dans la chrétienté médiévale
(Paris: Seuil, 2007).

France (1994): John France,
Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

France (2006): John France, “Two Types of Vision on the First Crusade: Stephen of Valence and Peter Bartholomew,”
Crusades
5 (2006): 1–20.

Frutolf: Frutolf of Michelsberg,
Frutolfs und Ekkhards Chroniken und die anonyme Kaiserchronik
, ed. and trans. Franz-Josef Schmale and Irene Schmale-Ott, Ausgenwählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mit-telalters, 15 (Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1972).

Gabrieli: Francesco Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, trans. E. J. Costello (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984).

GF:
Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum
, ed. Rosalind Hill (London: Nelson, 1962).

GN: Guibert of Nogent,
Dei gesta per Francos
, ed. R.B.C. Huygens,
CCCM 127A (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1996); trans. Robert Levine,
The Deeds of God Through the Franks : A Translation of Guibert de Nogent's Gesta Dei per Francos
(Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1997).

GP: Gilo of Paris,
Historia vie Hierosolimitane
, ed. and trans. C. W. Grocock and J. E. Siberry (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1997).

Hagenmeyer,
Chronologie
: Heinrich Hagenmeyer,
Chronologie de la Première Croisade, 1094–1100
(Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms, 1898–1901).

Hagenmeyer,
Epistulae
: Henrich Hagenmeyer, ed.,
Epistulae et char-tae ad primi belli sacri spectantes : Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100
(Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms, 1901).

HBS:
Historia belli sacri
, or
Historia peregrinorum euntium Jerusoly-mam,
RHC
Oc.
3. 167–229.

Hill and Hill (1962): John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill,
Raymond IV Count of Toulouse
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1962).

Hillenbrand (1999): Carole Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999).

Kedar (2004): Benjamin Z. Kedar, “The Jerusalem Massacres of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades,”
Crusades
3 (2004): 15–76.

Landes (2000): Richard Landes, “The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern,”
Speculum
75 (2000): 97–145.

LF: Lambert of St. Omer,
Liber Floridus: Codex Autographus Bibliotheca Universitatis Gandavensis
, ed. A. Derolez and I. Strubbe (Ghent, Belgium: E. Story-Scientia, 1968); Ghent, MS Cod. 92 Universiteits-bibliotheek.

Matthew of Edessa: Ara Edmond Dostourian, trans.,
Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
(New York: University Press of America, 1993).

Mayer,
Crusades
: Hans Eberhard Mayer,
The Crusades
, trans. John Gillingham, 2nd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1990).

MGH:
Monumenta Germaniae Historica
.

MGH in usum: MGH
, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, in usum scholarum separatim editi
; (Hanover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1871–).

MGH SRM: MGH
Scriptores rerum Merovingiarum
, ed. Bruno Krush and Wilhelm Levison, 7 vols. (Hanover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1884–1920).

MGH SS: MGH
Scriptores
, ed. G. H. Pertz, et al., 38 vols. (Hanover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1826–2006).

Monodies:
Guibert of Nogent,
Monodiarum suarum libri tres
, ed. and trans. Edmond René Labande as
Autobiographie
(Paris: Belles Lettres, 1981); trans. Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubenstein as
Monodies adn On the Relics of Saints
(London: Penguin Classics, 2011).

Morris (2005): Colin Morris,
The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005).

OV: Orderic Vitalis,
Historia Ecclesiastica
, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1968–1980).

PL: Patrologia cursus completus, series Latina.

Poèmes
: Baudry of Dol (Bourgueil),
Poèmes
, ed. and trans. Jean-Yves Tilliette, 2 vols. (Paris: Belles Lettres, 1998–2002).

PT: Peter Tudebode,
Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere
, ed. John Hugh Hill and Laurita Littleton Hill, trans. Philippe Wolff (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1977); trans. John Hugh Hill and Laurita Littleton Hill (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1974).