At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (76 page)

Discoverie of Witchcraft, The
(Scot), 23

disguises, nocturnal, 66–67, 243

of burglars, 41, 243

of Carnival, 152

ghost impersonations as, 41, 243, 256

of libertines, 219–20, 222, 226

of Satan, 15

of thieves, 40

Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, The
(Webster), 23

ditches, 24, 146, 170

as fortifications, 62

as street sewers, 27

dobbies, 18

Dobson, John, 197

doctors, 64, 65, 113, 123, 129, 305

Dogberry, 82

dogs, 270, 293

barks of, as nocturnal guidance, 133

black, 15, 96

as excursion guards, 142

ghosts of, 19

as lantern carriers, 126

rabid, 316

of slaves, 241

wild predators repelled by, 171, 172

see also
mastiffs; watchdogs

dog sleep, 267–68

dominos, 216

Domostroi,
46

Don Quixote
(Cervantes), 286

Doré, Gustave, 336

Dorrington, Charles, 39

Dou, Gerrit,
204

down-lanterns, 132

dream-books, 313

dreams, xxvii, 9, 262, 267, 311–23,
315,
318,
321,
335, 339

communication of, 320

evil combated in, 319

freedom of, 314, 317–20

interpretations of, 312–13, 316

and interval of wakefulness, 322–23, 334–35

lasting influence of, 320–22

magic and, 320

in non-Western cultures, 320

personal insights from, 313–14

physical health and, 313

physiology of, 261

pleasant, 317, 320

recording of, 314–16

in REM sleep, 322–23

sexual activity in, 314

of shamans, 317

of sleepwalkers, 319–20

spiritual themes in, 316

unpleasant, 316–17

violence in, 316, 319–20

see also
nightmares

dress, 135–37, 199, 215, 216, 270–71

Drinker, Elizabeth, 112, 130, 166, 177, 196, 281, 293, 316, 324

drinking, 178, 186, 187, 188, 189–90, 210

in bedtime rituals, 271

fires and, 52

in mishaps, 25, 28, 146, 235

in murder, 46

night vision improved by, 124

drinking houses, 25, 46–47, 72, 187–90, 220, 236–37, 244

see also
alehouses; night-cellars; taverns

“drop night,” 12

drownings, 23, 25–26, 28, 146, 246

Drummer, The
(Addison), 109–10

Drummond, Daniel, 243

Drummond of Hawthornden, William, 149

Dryden, John, 98, 322, 338–39

Dublin, 74, 76, 86

Duck, Stephen, 163, 254–5

duergars, 18

Du Laurens, André, 290

dung, 179, 182, 284

as cleanser, 164

as fertilizer, 160, 166

as fuel, 103

as gnat repellent, 270

of livestock boarded indoors, 279

Dunton, John, 51

Dursley Lanterns, 196

Dyer, William, 101

Earley, John, 35

earthen banks, as fortifications, 62

Easy Way to Prolong Life, An
(Trusler), 263–64

Eaton, Daniel, 161

Eckles, John, 115

Edinburgh, 27–28

Edison, Thomas, 338

Edward I, King of England, 31

Egypt, ancient, xxxi

darkness equated with death in, 4

oil lamps of, 5

Eibeschütz, Rabbi Jonathan, 206–7

electric lighting, 6, 104, 110, 337

elevated bedsteads, 274,
275,
276

Eliot, John, 283

Ellwood, Thomas, 94, 144

elves, 18

Elyot, Thomas, 265

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 334

Emile
(Rousseau), xxv, 110, 143

Endimion
(Gombauld), 301

England:

ale consumption in, 25

almanacs published in, 129

arson in, 54, 55

bad roads in, 24

bundling in, 198

burglaries in, 36–39, 87

carrying weapons banned in, 66

Civil War of, 229, 319

coal as fuel in, 102–3

collieries of, 24

demonic beings in, 16–23

dung as fuel in, 103

fires in, 48, 49, 51

folk magic in, 99–100

fortified towns of, 62

impulsive violence in, 45–46

lantern lighting mandated in, 67–68

legal system of, 21, 37, 38, 85, 87

magical protection in, 143

murder rate in, 42

national curfew set in, 63

nightmen of, 165–66

nightwalkers in, 31–32

nightwatch in, 75

nightwatch’s verses in, 78

nocturnal disguises prohibited in, 66–67

Parliament of, 67

personal vendettas in, 44

political dissenters in, 228

public celebrations of, 69

robberies in, 34–35

rural poverty in, 33

rushlights in, 107

squatters in, 238

Statute of Winchester of, 31, 75, 76

taxation in, 106

trained police force resisted in, 80, 331

Tudor, 87

urbanization of, 26

watchdogs of, 95–96

white witchcraft in, 98

wild animals in, 30

witches in, 21–22

witch hunts in, 20

English Rogue, The,
281

Enlightenment, xxxii, 325

Epsom-Wells
(Shadwell), 292–93

Ervarene Huyshoudster,
52

Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An
(Locke), 3

Essenes, 4

Essex, James, 327

État de Servitude, L’,
298

Évangiles des Quenouilles, Les,
183

Evans, Thomas, 35

Evelyn, John, 49, 247, 296

Everard, William, 319

Everie Woman in Her Humor,
310

evil spirits, 5, 9, 15, 23, 56, 99, 114, 120, 325

church bells as deterrent of, 70

dead of night favored by, 139–40

in dreams, 316–17

magical protection against, 143

prayers against, 142, 144–45

shrines as wards against, 72

treasure hunting aided by, 238

Ewe people, 4

excrement, human, 246, 296–97, 305

in chamberpots, 27–28, 271, 296–97, 305

emptied into streets, 27–28, 165

as fertilizer, 166

in magic, 41

removed by nightmen, 165–67

see also
dung

excursions, nocturnal, 118–46,
131,
179, 220, 324–25

of apprentices, 234–35

artificial illumination of, 124–27, 131

barred city gates and, 63, 145

by boat, 137

of children, 118, 119–22, 123–24

clothing for, 135–37

on cloudy nights, 130–31

in courtship, 196–97

encounters with other travelers in, 143–44

on foot, 137

gibbets encountered in, 141–42

giving thanks for safe return from, 146

group travel in, 142

gunshots as distress signals in, 145

head coverings for, 136

hearing in, 132

linkboys in, 125–26

magic charms as protection of, 142–43

mental map as guide for, 123

moon and, 127–29, 138, 144, 146, 329

night vision and, 124

in pitch-darkness, 130–34

resourcefulness in, 126, 131–32

robberies and, 118–19, 137, 139, 141–42, 144

of servants, 234–35

sinister locations in, 140–42

of slaves, 233–34, 235, 236, 255–56

smells in, 133

social class and, 125, 126–27, 136–37

stars and, 129–30, 138,
139,
234

supernatural encounters in, 139–42, 144–45, 180

time divisions and, 137–40

touch in, 133–34

valuables protected in, 136–37

weapons carried in, 142, 144

see also
mishaps, nocturnal; pedestrians; streets

Eyre, Adam, 118, 170

Fabre, Daniel, 253

faggot and storm, 38

fairies, 17, 22, 100, 258, 326, 336

nocturnal malevolence of, 18

fallen angels, 18

Falstaff, 226

Famile de Guet,
75, 76

farmers, 158, 168–74

corn huskings of, 177–78

harvest of, 169–70,
169,
171

harvest suppers of, 254–55

tenant, 176

thefts from, 169, 172, 240

see also
livestock

Farquhar, George, 301–2

faubourges,
63

Feast of Fools, 152, 254

Feast of Saint-Denis, 210

Feddon, Anne, 93–94

Feltham, Owen, 13, 314

Fénelon, François, 120–21

fertility, reproductive, 308–10

festivals:

ancient Greek, 5

Carnival, 152, 249, 254

Church, 70–71,
70,
71,
152, 187–88

as safety valve, 152, 254–55

sexual activity at, 194

Ficino, Marsilio, 24

Fielding, Henry, 193, 215, 254, 329

Fielding, Sir John, 93, 250

Fiennes, Celia, 103, 161

Fifteen Joys of Marriage, The,
283

Finch, Anne, 231

firedogs, 102

fire-fighting, 79, 331

by neighbors, 68, 114–15, 117

tools for, 49

fire-hunting, 241

fireplaces, 63, 101–4, 179

accidentally falling into, 28

banking of, 59, 63, 270

chimneys of, 51, 99–100, 101–2, 274, 293

fuels for, 102–3, 169, 178, 265

kindling for, 102

lighting fires in, 102

as light sources, 103–4

magical protection of, 99–100, 270

open central, 101–2

stoves vs., 102

urination into, 297, 305

fire-priggers, 55–56

fireraising, 54–55

fires, 7, 9,
29,
32, 38, 48–56, 59, 74, 79, 81, 110, 155, 333

candles and, 51–52

chimney, 51

in clothing, 51

cries of “Fire” at, 117

fireplaces and, 51

Great Fire of 1666, 10, 49, 62

in houses, 51, 55

local economies damaged by, 48

lookouts and, 77

nightwatch in prevention of, 79, 85

rats and mice as cause of, 52

and reading in bed, 52

rural, 50–51, 54

smoking and, 79

in thatch roofs, 48, 50, 51

in urban areas, 48–50

winds and, 48, 49

in workplaces, 52

see also
arson

fireworks, 69, 211

“first sleep,” 300–302, 303, 305, 308, 311–12, 320,
321,
322–23, 335, 337

fishing, 160, 171, 177, 241

Fitch, John, 114

Fithian, Philip, 297–98

Flandrin, Jean-Louis, 278

fleas, 269–70, 294–95,
295

Fletcher, John, xxxi, 15

flock mattresses, 274, 276

Florence, 44

aristocratic gangs in, 224

carrying weapons banned in, 66

death penalty in, 86

filthy streets of, 27

homosexuals in, 230

night courts of, 85

operas in, 211

plague in, 230

private guards in, 165

public celebrations in, 69

foliots, 18

Fontaine, John, 35

foot-pads, 34

Forbes, Betty, 116

Forman, Simon, 281

fortified cities and towns, 61–89

carrying lights mandated in, 67, 129

carrying weaponry prohibited in, 66, 142, 152

fixed street barriers in, 64, 65, 75

gates of, 61, 62–63, 145, 172, 328

nocturnal disguises prohibited in, 66–67

toll gates of, 63

walls of, 61–63, 76, 327–28

see also
criminal justice; curfews; nightwatch; street lighting

Foxton, Thomas, 59

Fragonard, Jean-Honoré,
318

France:

ar cannerez
of, 19

armed peasants in, 142

arson by burglars in, 54

barred windows in, 93

cabarets of, 187

charivaris
in, 253–54

chauffeurs
in, 38

coureurs de nuit
in, 245

courtship in, 195

day-laborers of, 157

Demoiselles
as insurgents in, 258

dormitoires
in, 271

écreignes
in, 182

falots
in, 125–26

Famile de Guet
in, 75, 76

fire-fighting in, 79

fires in, 49

Huguenot Protestants of, 228

magic charms of, 143

millers of, 161

nightwatch in, 75, 79

Paleolithic lamps found in, 5

porte-flambeaux
in, 125

public celebrations of, 69

punishments for nocturnal offenses in, 87

rushlights in, 108

servants’ beds in, 277

smugglers of, 243

spinning and knitting bees in, 178, 182, 184

supernatural encounters in, 144–45

thefts in, 33

veillées
in, 178, 184

walled towns of, 63

watchdogs in, 95

werewolves of, 19, 143

witch hunts of, 20

wolves in, 171–72

youth gangs in, 245, 248, 251, 252

Francis, Duke of Milan, 226

Francis I, King of France, 226

Franklin, Benjamin, 264, 320

cold air baths of, 306

on fires, 51, 115

two beds advised by, 297

Frappe-d’abord,
190

Freke, Elizabeth, 51, 288

Freud, Sigmund, 313, 316

Frye, Thomas,
105

Fuller, Thomas, 268

fulmars, oil from, 107

funerals, nocturnal, 213

funeral wakes, 194

Fuseli, Henry,
291,
321

Gaelic, xxxii

Gallathea,
323

Gallo, Augustin, 172

gallows (gibbets), 41, 141–42

game laws, 241

games of chance, 72, 186, 189,
189,
221, 235, 328