Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (68 page)

BOOK: Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution
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334

n o t e s t o p a g e s 1 9 4 – 2 0 1

21. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:28–29; Louverture to Laveaux, February 22, 1796, 12104, 86, BN, in Laurent,
Louverture,
333–335; Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
180; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
140.

22. Proclamation of Toussaint Louverture, March 1796, in
Toussaint

Louverture,
ed. George Tyson Jr. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973), 31–34.

23. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
181.

24. Proclamation of Toussaint Louverture, March 1796, in Tyson,
Louverture,
31–34.

25. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:32; Pamphile de Lacroix,
La
Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 193; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
172; Michel Etienne Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste, et ses observations
(Paris, 1809), 3:246.

26. Robert Louis Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic
(London, 1985), 132–134; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:318.

27. Fick,
Making of Haiti,
192–196; Gaetan Mentor,
Histoire d’un crime
politique: Le Général Etienne Victor Mentor
(Port-au-Prince, 1999), 36.

28. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
148.

29. Ibid.; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
153–155.

30. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
160–161. The official report of the electoral assembly is in N.A.F. 6847, 44–53, BN.

31. Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint Louverture,
181–182; Stein,
Légèr Félicité
Sonthonax,
161.

32. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
163, 166–167; Ardouin,
Etudes sur
l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:49–50.

33. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:50; Sonthonax to Louverture, June 12, 1796, FR 8986, 12–13, BN; in Laurent,
Louverture,
467–468; Pluchon,
Toussaint
Louverture,
175–177, 194; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint Louverture,
191; Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
128; Madiou,
Histoire d’Haiti,
1:335, 341–342.

34. Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
168.

35. Ibid., 178–181; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:77–79.

36. Louverture to Laveaux, May 22 and June 5, 1798, 12104, 380 and 384, BN;

in Laurent,
Louverture,
439–450; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
163.

37. Louverture to Laveaux, May 22 and June 5, 1798, in Laurent,
Louverture,
439–450; C. L. R. James,
The Black Jacobins: Toussaint Louverture and the San
Domingo Revolution
(1939; reprint, New York, 1963), 188–190; Fick,
Making of
Haiti,
196–196; Stein,
Légèr Félicité Sonthonax,
169–170; Pluchon,
Toussaint
Louverture,
180, 186–187; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:75–76.

38. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:82–83; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
188–189.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 0 2 – 2 0 8

335

1 0 . e n e m i e s o f l i b e r t y

1. Aimé Césaire,
Toussaint Louverture: La Révolution française et le problème
colonial
(1961; reprint, Paris, 1981), 252–253; Gérard Laurent,
Toussaint
Louverture à travers sa correspondence, 1794–1798
(Madrid, 1953), 436; Pierre Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture
(Paris, 1989), 231.

2. Césaire,
Toussaint Louverture,
253; “Refutation de quelques assertions d’un discours prononcé . . . par Vienot Vaublanc,” October 29, 1797, in
La Révolution
française et l’abolition de l’esclavage
(Paris, 1968), vol. 11; an English translation of part of the document is in George Tyson Jr., ed.,
Toussaint Louverture
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973), 36–43; Césaire,
Toussaint Louverture,
248–249, 253; Beaubrun Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
11 vols. (1853–1865; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1958), 3:83; Robert Louis Stein,
Légér Félicité Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the
Republic
(London, 1985), 178–179.

3. Toussaint Louverture, Letter to the Directory, October 27, 1797, in Tyson,
Louverture,
36–43.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
197–198.

6. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
196–197.

7. Bernard Gainot, “La Constitutionnalisation de la liberté générale sous le

Directoire,” in
Les Abolitions de l’esclavage,
ed. Marcel Dorigny (Paris, 1995), 213–229; idem, “Le Général Laveaux, gouverneur de Saint-Domingue, député

Jacobin,” in
Esclavage, colonisation, libération nationales de 1789 à nos jours
(Paris, 1990), 169–183, 178–179; Victor Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint Louverture
(1889; reprint, Paris, 1982), 184.

8. Gainot, “La Constitutionnalisation,” 213–229; Marcel Dorigny and Bernard

Gainot,
La Société des Amis des Noirs, 1788–1799: Contribution à l’histoire de
l’abolition de l’esclavage
(Paris, 1998).

9. Etienne Laveaux,
Discours prononcé par Laveaux, député de Saint-

Domingue
(Paris, 1797), 1, 6–8.

10. Ibid.,
Discours,
3.

11. Etienne Laveaux,
Opinion de Laveaux, sur les colonies
(Paris, 1798), 7–9.

12. “Loi concernant l’organisation constititionale des colonies,” 12 Nivôse An 6

(January 1, 1798), AD VII 20 A, AN; Gainot, “La Constitutionnalisation,” 222–223.

13. Laveaux,
Discours,
12.

14. Louverture to Laveaux, September 24, 1798, 12104, 401, BN; in Laurent,

Louverture,
451–454.

15. David Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation in

Saint-Domingue, 1793–1798
(Oxford, 1982), 224, 318; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
218; Michael Duffy,
Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower: The British Expe-336

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 0 9 – 2 1 5

ditions to the West Indies and the War against Revolution France
(Oxford, 1987), 302.

16. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
315–318.

17. Roger Norman Buckley, ed.,
The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard,

York Hussars, 1796–1798
(Knoxville, 1985), 49–50; Duffy,
Soldiers, Sugar and
Seapower,
303–304.

18. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
375–376; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
218.

19. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
209, 213.

20. Ibid., 210; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:85.

21. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:85; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
212.

22. Duffy,
Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower,
306; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
3:87–88; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
215–216.

23. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
376; Duffy,
Soldiers, Sugar and
Seapower,
305–307; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:89.

24. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
216–217; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
3:90, 94; Pamphile de Lacroix,
La Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 210.

25. Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
380–381; Lacroix,
Révolution de
Haiti,
212; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
218–220.

26. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
210, 224, 226; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
236; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:101–102.

27. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:101, 106. There has been remarkably little examination by historians of the details of how Louverture’s labor regulations were implemented on the plantations.

28. Louverture to Laveaux, September 24, 1798, in Laurent,
Louverture,
451–

454; Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
214–215, 222, 302; Michel Etienne Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste, et ses observations,
3 vols. (Paris, 1809), 3:277.

29. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
223–225.

30. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
3:247–248.

31. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
237–238; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
3:104–105; Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below
(Knoxville, 1990), 199.

32. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:92.

33. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
241–243.

34. Duffy,
Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower,
309–310; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
230; Geggus,
Slavery, War and Revolution,
381.

35. “Letters of Toussaint Louverture and of Edward Stevens, 1798–1800,”

American Historical Review
16 (October 1910): 64–67; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
297–298.

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 1 6 – 2 2 4

337

36. Stevens to Pickering, May 3, 1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,”

67–72; Thomas Ott,
The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804
(Knoxville, 1973), 132; Leclerc to Minister, February 1802, in
Lettres du Général Leclerc,
ed. Paul Roussier (Paris, 1937), 79–82; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
307, 417.

37. Marcel Bonaparte August and Claude Bonaparte Auguste,
La Participation
étrangère à l’expédition française de Saint-Domingue
(Quebec, 1980), 33–34; Tim Matthewson, “Jefferson and Haiti,”
Journal of Southern History
61 (May 1995): 209–247; Douglas R. Egerton, “The Empire of Liberty Reconsidered,” in
The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic,
ed. James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville, 2002), 309–330.

38. Stevens to Pickering, September 30, 1799, and January 16, 1800, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,” 82–85, 88–92; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
303–304.

39. Stevens to Pickering, June 23, 1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,”

74–76; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
258–259, 320.

40. Stevens to Pickering, June 24, 1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,”

76–81; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
256–264, 284–290.

41. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
2:211, 240; Geggus,
Slavery, War
and Revolution,
381.

42. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
3:99, 102.

43. David Geggus,
Haitian Revolutionary Studies
(Bloomington, 2002), 23; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
403, 425.

44. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
2:91–92; 3:265–266; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
427.

45. Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste,
2:91–92, 125–135.

46. Ibid., 94–97.

47. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
418–420.

48. Gabriel Debien, “Sur les plantations Mauger à l’Artibonite (Saint-

Domingue 1763–1803)” in
Enquêtes et Documents: Nantes, Afrique, Amérique

(Nantes, 1981), 219–314, 314; Jan Pachonski and Reuel K. Wilson,
Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence,
1802–1803
(Boulder, 1986), 123.

1 1 . t e r r i t o r y

1. Beaubrun Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
11 vols. (1853–1865; reprint, Port-au-Prince, 1958), 3:93–94; Victor Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint Louverture
(1889; reprint, Paris, 1982), 245; Pierre Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture
(Paris, 1989), 256.

2. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
4:24–27.

3. Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
266–268; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
4:7.

4.
Réponse du Général de Brigade André Rigaud, à l’écrit calomnieux du

338

n o t e s t o p a g e s 2 2 4 – 2 3 3

Général Toussaint Louverture
(Cayes, 1799), 6; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire
d’Haïti,
4:13.

5. Pamphile de Lacroix,
La Révolution de Haiti
(1819; reprint, Paris, 1995), 228; Stevens to Pickering, June 24, 1799, in “Letters of Toussaint Louverture and of Edward Stevens, 1798–1800,”
American Historical Review
16 (October 1910): 64–101, 76–81; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
4:31.

6. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
4:18, 25, 27.

7. Stevens to Pickering, June 24, 1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,”

76–81; Pluchon,
Toussaint Louverture,
265.

8. Stevens to Pickering, June 24, 1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,”

76–81; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
4:24, 26; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint
Louverture,
252.

9. Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti
, 4:25; Michel Etienne Descourtilz,
Voyages d’un naturaliste, et ses observations
(Paris, 1809), 3:261–262.

10. Louverture to Adams, August 14, 1799, and Stevens to Pickering, June 24,

1799, in “Letters of Louverture and Stevens,” 76–82; Pluchon,
Toussaint

Louverture,
270.

11. Lacroix,
Révolution de Haiti,
232, 237; Ardouin,
Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti,
4:26–30, 39; Carolyn Fick,
The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution
from Below
(Knoxville, 1990), 202–203; Schoelcher,
Vie de Toussaint Louverture,
253–255.

BOOK: Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution
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