Berlin Games (55 page)

liberalism: and Berlin Games

Liechtenstein, Prinz von: at Ribbentrop's party

Limon (Canadian athlete)

Lindbergh, Charles; in England; on German rearmament; in Germany; and Goering

Lindon, Arthur (Welsh cyclist)

Livermore, Robert (American skier): on Olympic uniform; on Ruuds; on Olympic salute; in downhill competition; in downhill and slalom competition

Lives of a Bengal Lancer
(film)

Locarno Treaties (1925); Hitler on

London, 1948 Olympics: Son Ki-Jung as flag carrier

London
, HMS: in Barcelona

Londonderry, Lord; Ribbentrop's visit

Long, Carl ‘Luz' (German long jumper); on Owens; Owens' meeting with his family

Long, Karl (Luz's son): friendship with Owens

long jump; in decathlon

Long Week-end, The
(Graves and Hodge)

Loraine, J. M.: letter to Owens on Hitler

Los Angeles Games, 1932

Lothian, Lord: meeting with Ribbentrop

Louis, Joe (American boxer)

Louis, Spiridon

Lovelock, Jack (New Zealand athlete)

Lowe, D. G. A.: on boycott

Lu Valle, James (American athlete)

Ludendorff, General Erich

Luedecke: and Magda Goebbels

Luftspring, Yisrael (Canadian Jewish boxer)

Luftwaffe: growth

Lunn, Arnold: and proposed letter from BOA; on Germans; on 1936 Winter Games

Lunn, Sir Henry

Lunn, Peter (British skier)

Lutze, Obergruppenfuehrer Viktor

lynching of African-Americans

 

MacArthur, Charlie (playwright)

Maehata, Hideko (Japanese swimmer)

Maffei (Italian long jumper)

Mahoney, Jeremiah T.: appointed president of AAU; and proposed boycott of Games; appeal to Lewald to resign; defence of German Jews; questions to Lewald; character assassination by Lewald; boycott vote and; resignation from presidency of AAU

Makkabikreis, Club of the

Malitz, Bruno:
The Spirit of Sport in the Third Reich

Man-Lip Choy (KOC secretary-general)

Manchester Guardian
: and proposed boycott of Games; on Roberts; on Olympic tie; on Lovelock; on Beresford

Manhattan
, SS; diet for athletes; training facilities for athletes and swimmers; lack of racial segregation onboard; athletes' entertainments; Holm on board; arrival in Hamburg

marathon; first winner

March, Otto

March, Werner

Mariani (Italian athlete)

Marzahn, ‘Gypsy Camp'

Marzi, Gustave (Italian fencer)

Masciotta, Aldo (Italian fencer)

Masood, M. N. (Indian hockey player)

Mastenbroek, Hendrika ‘Rie' (Dutch swimmer)

Max Schmeling's Victory–A German Victory
(film)

May Field, Berlin; bell tower; athletes assembled on

Mayer, Helene (German fencer); at Scripps College; in California; withdrawal of German government sponsorship; affairs; at Mills College; in competition against male fencers; unwillingness to comment on boycott; invitations to take part in Games; special treatment by Nazis; demand for German citizenship rights; ambition; Jewishness; return to Germany; at Berlin Games; Nazi salute at Berlin Games; life after Berlin Games

Mayo, Dick (American pentathlon coach)

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of

medals: at 1936 Winter Games; at Berlin Games

Medica, Jack (American swimmer)

Mein Kampf
(Adolf Hitler)

Meissner, Otto

Mendel, Gregor

Messersmith, George S.: warning to AOC

Metcalfe, Ralph (African-American athlete); in 100 metres; at 1935 AAU championships; in US try-out finals; and relay final; baton change; in relay final

Meyerhof, Justus W.: meeting with Brundage in Stockholm

Michelot, Roger (French boxer)

Milch, General Erhard: and Lindbergh; at Berlin Games

militarism and sport: Germany; Berlin Games; Goebbels' fireworks; victory of Nazis over France;
see also
army

Mills College, Oakland: Mayer as teacher at

Milne, Mary (British high jumper)

Mitford, Diana
see
Guinness, Diana

Mitford, Nancy

Mitford, Unity: and Hitler; at Ribbentrop's party; suicide attempt

Moch, Bob (American rowing coach)

Mohammed, Amin (Egyptian boxer)

Moltke, Helmuth von (Germany lawyer)

Montague, E. A. (British journalist)

Montu, General Carlo

Moral Rearmament
see
Oxford Group

Morning Post

morphine: for endurance sports

Morris, Charlotte (née Edwards)

Morris, Glenn (American athlete); early successes; upbringing; character; in decathlon; on SS
Manhattan
; and Riefenstahl; as world record holder; in
Tarzan's Revenge
; in Second World War

Morris, Herbert (American rower)

Moscow, Spartakiads: Seelenbinder in

Mosley, Diana
see
Guinness, Diana

Mosley, Max (son of Oswald and Diana)

Mosley, Sir Oswald; Hitler on; and Hitler's funding of BUF; marriage to Diana

Much Wenlock: ‘Olympian Games'

Muinonen (Finnish marathon runner)

Munich, 1972 Olympics: Brundage and hostage taking

murders
see
political murders

Mussolini, Benito: Hitler on; and BUF

Muzsa, Jules de (IOC member)

 

Nam Sung Yong (Korean marathon runner)

National Workers' Sports Association (UK): boycott movements

Nazi Party: 1923 putsch; emphasis on ritual; success in 1930 election; rise to power in Germany; control of preparations for 1936 Games; Brundage's respect for; involvement in Games, Mahoney on; German antipathy towards; British supporters; and sport;
Sport and State
(Nazi handbook); educational system; takeover of Berlin Games; Lichterfelde killings; public face for Games; Leibbrandt and; Lindbergh's support; and crowd's enthusiasms at Berlin Games; extravagance; control of resistance to; total control of Germany; rivalry over Games entertainments; and German showing at Berlin Games;
see also
fascist salute; Germany; Hitler, Adolf

Nazism: and admiration of the body; and Olympism; guidebook for Berlin; and Christianity; athletes unwitting promotion of

Neave, Airey

Negroes: Third Reich's attitude to;
see also
African-Americans; black competitors in Games

Neo, August (Estonian wrestler)

Neugass, Herman (Jewish American athlete)

Neurath, Baron von

Neutrality Acts (US)

Neville, David (Canadian ice hockey team)

New Statesman
: on Nazi propaganda; on subversive leaflets

New York: anti-Nazi demonstration; Olympic try-out finals; ticker-tape parade

New York Journal American see
Burton

New York Times
: on training for Jews in Germany; on Mayer; on German propaganda;
see also
Birchall; Daley; Kieran; Ornstein; Ross

New York World-Telegram
: interview with Buchman

Nickerson, Quincella: and Owens

Niemoeller, Martin

Night of the Long Knives

Nobel Peace Prize: and Coubertin

Noel-Baker, Philip: on proposed boycott

Noji, Jozef (Polish athlete)

Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights

Northcott, A. R. (British chess-player): on Barcelona fighting

Norton, Pat (Australian swimmer); on Hitler; on letter sent to athlete

Norway: medals in 1936 Winter Games; proposed participation in People's Olympic Games

Nuremberg Laws; influence on boycott

Nuremberg Rally, September 1935

Nussbaum, Dr (German Jewish water-polo referee)

NWSA
see
National Workers' Sports Association (UK)

Ny, Eric (Swedish athlete)

 

O'Brien (American athlete)

Observer
: on Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland

Odam, Dorothy (British high jumper): on food in Olympic village; on military presence at Olympic village; on Berlin opening ceremony; letter from concentration camp inmate; on Helen Stephens; shopping trips in Berlin; at Goebbels'
Sommerfest
; in high jump final; life after Berlin Games

Offenbach Fencing Club

Ohio State university: Owens at

Olimpiada Popular
see
People's Olympic Games

Oliver, Percy (Australian swimmer): on proposed boycott of Games; on Hitler; on salute

Olympia
(film);
see also
Riefenstahl, Leni

‘Olympian Games', Much Wenlock

Olympiastadion; brazier containing Olympic flame; capacity; present-day condition; VIP platform; built for 1916 Olympics; enlargement for 1936 Games; Hitler's visit; rebuilding ordered by Hitler; celebration of military power

Olympic athletes and politics
see
politics and sport

Olympic bell

Olympic Charter: Germany and

Olympic Cup

Olympic Diploma

Olympic flame: brazier; first use; Hollywood origin; at 1936 Winter Games; torch relay from Olympia to Berlin; torch progress, Riefenstahl's film

Olympic Games: first modern; venue, choice for 1936 Games; 1916 (cancelled); 1894 congress on proposed revival; encouragement of internationalism; importance; to promote Nazism; 1896 in Greece
see
Athens; 1900 in Paris
see
Paris; 1904 in St Louis
see
St Louis; 1912 in Stockholm
see
Stockholm; 1920 in Antwerp
see
Antwerp; 1924 in Paris
see
Paris; 1928 in Amsterdam
see
Amsterdam; 1932 in Los Angeles
see
Los Angeles; 1936
see
Berlin Games; Winter Olympics; classical
see
classical Olympic Games; rival to 1936 Olympics
see
People's Olympic Games, Barcelona;
see also
International Olympic Committee (IOC); Olympism

Olympic oath

Olympic Pause

Olympic records: Finland; track events; javelin; shot put; high jump; marathon; swimming

Olympic rituals
see
ritual and ceremony

Olympic salute: comparison with fascist salute

Olympic stadium, Berlin
see
Olympiastadion

Olympic village: first

Olympic village in Doeberitz: present-day condition; described by Olympic athletes; food; Hindenburg House; military presence; Friesian House; sexual segregation

Olympische dorf, die see
Olympic village in Doeberitz

Olympism: classical, and Germany; and Lewald; Brundage and; fanaticism of supporters; as religion; Germany and; and Britain; Hunter on; Golden Rule; Abrahams on; and Nazism; Coubertin's message at Berlin Games; Berlin Games; Hitler on; and athletes at Berlin Games;
see also
Olympic Charter; sportsmanship

Opera House, Berlin: state banquet

Operation Weissdorn: Leibbrandt in

Orbán (Hungarian pentathlete)

Ornstein, Charles: on proposed boycott of 1936 Games; report to
New York Times
on AOC

Osendarp, Martinus (Dutch athlete)

Ossewa Brandwag (pro-Nazi Afrikaner organisation)

Ossietzky, Carl von (anti-Nazi journalist)

Owens, Emma (Jesse's mother)

Owens, Gloria (Jesse's daughter)

Owens, Henry (Jesse's father)

Owens, Jesse (James Cleveland Owens)

 

athletic career: in 100 metres in Berlin Games; German crowd's support at Berlin Games; racial prejudice; early athletic successes; world records broken; at Big Ten Championship in 1935; amateur status; at AAU championships in 1935; in US try-out finals; on SS
Manhattan
; reception in Germany; treatment at Berlin Games; in 200 metres in Berlin Games; in long jump in Berlin Games; Olympic records broken; gold medals; technique; relay final in Berlin Games; baton changing; loss of amateur status; in ticker-tape parade

 

character; sportsmanship; appearance

 

life after Berlin Games; in 1970s; prosecuted for tax evasion; return to Berlin

 

relationships: marriage; female fans; on SS
Manhattan
; Borchmeyer; Long

 

upbringing; education

 

views: on boycott movement; on Peacock; on Long

Owens, Ruth (née Solomon): early relationship with Jesse Owens; marriage to Jesse Owens

Oxford Group

Oxford University: students' support for boycott of Games

 

pacifists: in Nazi Germany

Palestine: proposed participation in People's Olympic Games

Palmer-Tomkinson, James (British skier)

Pamir, Ülker (Turkish skier): in downhill competition

Papen, Franz von

Paris: 1924 Games, Germany forbidden to take part; international congress in 1894 on re-establishment of Games; 1900 Games; Beresford in

Parker, Jack (American decathlete)

patriotism and sport

Pauluskirche: anti-Nazi talks

Pausin, Hans (German swimming trainer)

Pausin siblings (Austrian figure skaters)

Peacock, Eulace (African-American athlete); in competition with Owens; in US try-out finals

Peacock Island:
Sommerfest

Pearce, L. R. (British athlete)

pentathlon: US training on SS
Manhattan
; Berlin Games; horseriding; fencing; pistol shooting; cross-country run; swimming; reception for competitors

People's Olympic Games, Barcelona; participants in; British team and Barcelona fighting; truncated event planned; British support for Spanish Republican fighters; British team's return to London

Peru: in football tournament; Austrian and German consulates attacked; non-appearance of team at rematch with Austria; riots over Olympics decision