Black May (76 page)

15
. Ibid. Slessor, pp. 468–469, 477.

16
. Ibid, pp. 535, 537.

17
. Air Commodore Henry Probert, “Support from Skies Was Crucial Factor in Eventual Victory,” in Chris Heneghan, ed.,
Battle of the Atlantic: 50th Anniversary (1943–1993)
(Liverpool: David M. Ratter, Brodie Publishing Limited, 1993), p. 92.

18
. S. W. Roskill,
The Navy at War 1939–1945
(London: Collins, 1960), p. 448.

19
. Probert, “Support from Skies,” p. 92.

20
. Roskill,
War at Sea,
Vol. Ill, Pt. 2, p. 305 and
n.
2; Roskill, “An Epic Victory,”
The Sunday Times,
8 February 1959.

21
. Interview with Klaus-Peter Carlsen, former Commander of
U-732,
Planegg, Germany, 5 July 1997.

22
. For Walker, see Alan Burn,
The Fighting Captain: Frederick John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic
(Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books, 1993).

23
.
Naval Warfare,
Naval Doctrine Publication—1, 1994, p. 32; cited in Captain Bruce Linder, U.S.N, “ASW as Practiced in Birnam Wood,”
Naval Institute Proceedings,
Vol. 122/5/1,119 (May 1996), p. 65 and
n.
8.

24
. Recently the nationally read German newspaper
Die Zeit
described the naval defeat of May 1943 as
das Stalingrad zur See
(“the Stalingrad at Sea”); 4 June 1993.

25
. Peter Cremer,
U-Boat Commander: A Periscope View of the Battle of the Atlantic
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984), p. 2.

At U-boat Headquarters (BdU), Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (
second from right
) studies operational sea charts with (
from left
) staff member and son-in-law Freg. Kapt. Günter Hessler; Kptlt. Hans-Jürgen Auffermann, Commander of U-514, which participated in the battle for ONS.5; and chief of staff Konteradmiral Eberhard Godt.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Horst von Schroeter, Commander of U-
123
, who operated off Freetown, West Africa, during April and May 1943.
Vice Admiral von Schroeter

Kptlt. Heinrich Hasenschar, Commander of U
-628,
the shadower boat in the battle for ONS.5.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Werner Henke, Commander of U-
515
, whose seven ships sunk on the night of 30 April/1 May set a U-boat record.
Bibliothekfür Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Ulrich Folkers, Commander of U-
125
, which was rammed by H.M.S. Oribi on the night of 5/6 May.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Freg. Kapt. Ottoheinrich Junker, Commander of U-532, who fought in the battle for ONS.5.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Hartwig Looks, Commander of U-
264,
who fought in the battle for ONS.5.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Harald Gelhaus (in white cover), Commander of U-107, which sank
Port Victor
on 1 May, putting out to sea from his base at Lorient.
Bibliothek f
ü
r Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

A Type IX U-boat arrives home from base with victory pennants flying.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

The U-boat bunkers at Brest.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

A Type VIIIC U-boat puts out to sea, her diesel exhaust trailing aft, the Biscay coast in the background. The photograph was taken from an accompanying minesweeper.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart

Kptlt. Werner Henke (in white cover) arrives back with U-515 at Lorient on 24 June. He had sunk only one ship after his strong showing on 30 April/1 May.
Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte Stuttgart