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28
Cherwell Papers H130/6; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 835; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 594.
29
Cherwell Papers H123/10, H124/4, H125/10, and H132/6,7,8; Singh, “Imperial Defence and the Transfer of Power in India,” 569.
30
Cherwell Papers H127/1,2,29,35 and H128/4,7.
31
Wilson,
Churchill and the Prof
, 180, 228(endnote 16).
32
Cherwell Papers H136/15–19 and H129/1–4.
33
Cherwell Papers H128/12.
34
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 465, 470.
35
Cherwell Papers H290/10.
36
Churchill’s biographers believe that Savrola was endowed with traits, such as valor and wisdom, to which the youthful author himself aspired: his opinions were Churchill’s own. See Churchill,
Savrola
, 81–82; Caldwell, “Malthus and the Less Developed World,” 683; quoted in Ponting,
Churchill
, 24; Taylor et al.,
Churchill
, 219–222.
37
Ghose, “Food Supply and Starvation,” 376.
38
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 950.
39
Danchev and Todman,
War Diaries
, 516; quoted in Roberts,
Hitler and Churchill
, 122; quoted in Gilbert,
Churchill and America
, 226; Churchill,
India
, 84; Gilbert,
The Churchill War Papers
, Vol. II, 337.
40
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 465–466; MT 59/631, From Canada (Govt.) to D.O., November 13, 1943; MT 59/631, copy of note signed D. Gibbs, November 3, 1943; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 951.
41
MT 59/637, “India and Ceylon Cereals Requirements”; Cherwell Papers F247/15.
42
Stone, “The Indian Skeleton at Atlantic City,” 686–687.
43
Venkataramani,
Bengal Famine of 1943
, 43, 47–52.
44
Hess,
America Encounters India
, 134.
45
Cherwell Papers H291/11.
46
Behrens,
Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War
, 325; Hancock,
Statistical Digest of the War
, 167; Cherwell Papers, H137/20; Hancock and Gowing,
British War Economy
, 436.
47
Hammond,
Food
, Vol. I, 159–160; Hancock and Gowing,
British War Economy
, 436; Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring
, 151.
48
Hammond,
Food
, Vol. III, 544–545, 481.
49
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 418.
50
CAB 195/2, W.M. (43) 2nd Meeting, 47; Cherwell Papers, H307/1.
51
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 283.
52
Louis,
In the Name of God
, 285.
53
Dilks,
The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan
, 582.
54
MT 59/631, “Canadian Wheat for India,” December 17, 1943; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 957.
55
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 678. The army alone needed 250,000 tons for six months.
56
Danchev and Todman,
War Diaries
, 451.
57
Ibid., 458–459.
58
Ibid., xvi.
59
Quoted in Jablonsky,
Churchill, The Great Game and Total War
, 92; West,
The Larger Evils
, 87.
60
Quoted in James,
Churchill
, 379; Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 321; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 758, 953.
61
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 778–779; Snow,
Science and Government
, 65, 63.
62
Snow,
Science and Government
, 12; Harrod,
The Prof
, 80, 73, 77.
63
Cherwell Papers F29/33.
64
Harrod,
The Prof
, 78. As late as October 1937, Cherwell remained fascinated by the possibility of creating “Sub men or supermen.” See Cherwell Papers, E39/1–13.
65
Cherwell Papers E1/3–6 and E2/1–11.
66
Weinberg,
Hitler’s Second Book
, 20; quoted in Kiernan,
Blood and Soil
, 47.
67
Orwell,
1984
, 203.
Chapter Ten
1
Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 54; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 475–476, 679, 558, 590.
2
Cherwell Papers H291/2; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 695.
3
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 701–702, 706–707, 719.
4
Ibid., 734–735, 741, 744, 750.
5
Santhanam,
The Cry of Distress
, 34.
6
Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286, 288, 290, 420–421; Ghosh,
Famines in Bengal
, 46.
7
Moon,
Wavell
, 37; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286.
8
Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 186–192.
9
Ibid., 193; Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 259. The original first stanza of the song:
Kadam kadam badaye ja/Khusi ke geet gaye ja/Ye zindagi hai kaum ki/Ye kaum pe lutaye ja.
10
Branson,
British Soldier in India
, 109–112.
11
Ibid., 113–114.
12
Ibid., 116–117.
13
Ibid., 118; Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 191.
14
Sengupta,
Smritir Somoy Somoyer Smriti
, 45–46; Graham and Cole,
The Burma Campaign Memorial Library
, 101.
15
Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 286–290.
16
Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 382.
17
Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring
, 496; Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 443; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286.
18
Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 302–303.
19
Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 379.
20
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 801(footnote), 808; Moon,
Wavell
, 59.
21
Cherwell Papers, H291/19, 24, 28; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 776, 818.
22
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 827; Cherwell Papers H291/28; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 972.
23
Cherwell Papers, H291/30.
24
Cherwell Papers H292/2; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 863–864; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 976.
25
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 925; Moon,
Wavell
, 81, 68; Cherwell Papers H292/2, 3.
26
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 925; Cherwell Papers H292/4, 10, and F235/31.
27
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV,1034, 900.
28
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 979; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 941, 939, 964.
29
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 985; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 999.
30
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 987–988.
31
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1044; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 989; Cherwell Papers H292/13.
32
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1045–1046, 1056.
33
Quoted in Read and Fisher,
The Proudest Day
, 346.
34
Moon,
Wavell
, 88; AMEL 1/6/21, File 1, Secretary of State’s Minute to Prime Minister, May 4, 1944; CHAR 20/165/43, May 27, 1944.
35
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 962–963.
36
Moon,
Wavell
, 78; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 988.
37
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1100, 1136–1138.
38
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 992; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1152–1154, 1147.
39
CAB 66/52/48, “Report of Committee on Indian Financial Questions,” July 19, 1944; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 992–993.
40
Cherwell Papers J68/20; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 986.
41
Denney,
Macaulay’s Essay on Warren Hastings
, 36; quoted in Chakravarty,
The Raj Syndrome
, 127.
42
AMEL 1/6/34, “The Regeneration of India: Memorandum by the Prime Minister.”
43
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 995.
44
Colville,
The Fringes of Power
, Vol. II, 139; Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas,
Roosevelt and Churchill
, 74.
45
Quoted in Ponting,
Churchill
, 635; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 54.
46
Cherwell Papers, H126/1, 2, and H124/22.
47
Moon,
Wavell
, 93; Roy, “Military Loyalty,” 511; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 128.
48
MT 59/657, “Import of Food Grains into India,” January 1945.
Chapter Eleven
1
Dhara,
Probaho
, 172–175. Bose did send small parties of INA operatives by submarine, but almost all were captured.
2
Ibid., 176.
3
Ibid., 176–179.
4
Ibid., 182–184.
5
Quoted in Read and Fisher,
The Proudest Day
, 350; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. II, 106.
6
Moon,
Wavell
, 91.
7
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 81–82, 258, 371, 375.
8
Moon,
Wavell
, 111.
9
Ibid., 108.
10
Ibid., 260–261, 368, 236; Schofield,
Wavell: Soldier & Statesman
,115.
11
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1023; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 130–131.
12
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1018.
13
Churchill and Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VII, 1166.
14
Nichols,
Verdict on India
, 15–17, 23, 36–39, 184, 188–189.
15
Ibid., 216–224.
16
Churchill and Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VII, 1166.
17
Berthon and Potts,
Warlords
, 268.
18
Sbrega, “The Anticolonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 76; Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 458–460.
19
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 486.
20
Colville,
The Fringes of Power
, Vol. II, 203.
21
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1015; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 126, 1070.
22
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 765; Moon,
Wavell
, 120; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1031(footnote).
23
Moon,
Wavell
, 121–123.
24
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 509–510.
25
Venkataramani and Shrivastava,
Roosevelt Gandhi Churchill
, 256–259.
26
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 273; Lewis,
Changing Direction
,157–160; Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 22, 181–182.
27
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1013; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
,Vol. V, 826.
28
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1044–1045; Moon,
Wavell
, 135–136; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1073–1077, 1083–1086.
29
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1222–1225.
30
Ibid., 1128; Moon,
Wavell
, 157–158.
31
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1229.
32
Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 186; Moon,
Wavell
, 310, 168.
33
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 331; Moon,
Wavell
, 168.
34
Bose and Bose,
Netaji
, Vol. 7, 228.
35
Yadav and Seki,
Subhas Chandra Bose
, 120–125.
36
WO 208/3812, “The Last Movements of S. C. Bose.” The spy appears to have been S. C. Goho, a Malayan of Indian origin. See WO 203/4673, War Dept. to HQ SEAC: “Confidential 12166,” October 1945.
37
Bose and Bose,
Netaji
, Vol. 12, 212–222.
38
Related to the author by former Congress worker Manos Banerjee.
BOOK: Churchill's Secret War
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