Civilian Warriors: The Inside Story of Blackwater and the Unsung Heroes of theWar on Terror (45 page)

The return was possible thanks
: Brian Glyn Williams, “General Dostum and the Mazar i Sharif Campaign: New Light on the Role of Northern Alliance Warlords in Operation Enduring Freedom,”
Small Wars & Insurgencies
21, December 8, 2010.

Massoud, known as the “Lion of Panjshir”
: Steve Coll, “Flawed Ally Was Hunt’s Best Hope,”
Washington Post
, February 23, 2004.

Massoud was killed by a pair of Arab suicide bombers
: Ibid.

There was only one U.S. contact
: Ahmed Rashid,
Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), p. 171.

Delta had sent Santos to negotiate the building
: Ibid.

the agency cast aside roughly a thousand paid informants
: Mark Matthews, “CIA Debates Merits of Bad Spies,”
Baltimore Sun
, March 4, 1997.

higher-ups at the CIA had been urging
: Gary C. Schroen,
First In
(New York: Ballantine, 2005), p. 15.

Bush had publicly insisted the military campaign
: Susan Baer and David L. Greene, “‘Face of Terror Not True Faith of Islam,’ Bush Declares,”
Baltimore Sun
, September 18, 2001.

These factors swayed CIA planners
: Gary C. Schroen,
First In
(New York: Ballantine, 2005), p. 16.

small teams of CIA operatives and Army Special Forces
: Ibid.

Even Massoud had financed his rebel alliance
: Steve Coll, “Flawed Ally Was Hunt’s Best Hope,”
Washington Post
, February 23, 2004.

CIA’s seven-man Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team
: Leigh Neville,
Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan
(Oxford: Osprey, 2008), p. 6.

“I don’t want bin Laden and his thugs”
: Gary C. Schroen,
First In
(New York: Ballantine, 2005), p. 32.

Operation Enduring Freedom began
: Donna Miles, “Obama Marks 10 Years of U.S. Service in Afghanistan,” American Forces Press Service, October 7, 2011.

The Army’s first twelve-man Special Forces
: “Joint Special Operations Task Force—North (JSOTF-N): ‘Task Force Dagger,’” www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/jsotf-n-af.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

Two days later, a second A-team
: Dwight Jon Zimmerman, “21st Century Horse Soldiers—Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom,”
The Year in Special Operations, 2011–2012
.

“the Flintstones meets the Jetsons”
: “War Stories,” PBS
Frontline
, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/ground/warstories.html, captured August 2, 2013.

They called in such ferocious air strikes
: Ibid.

In the early morning darkness
: Romesh Ratnesar, “The Afghan Way of War,”
Time
, November 11, 2001.

Task Force Dagger retook control
: “Operation Enduring Freedom: October 2001–March 2002,” www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm#intro, captured August 2, 2013.

Nearly two-thirds of the country changed hands
: Bob Woodward,
State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 130.

“I asked for a few Americans”
: “Heroes on Horseback,”
Iowa Alumni Magazine
, October 2009.

“The only concern we had”
: Jeremy Scahill, “Blackwater’s Brothers,”
Nation
, December 3, 2007.

CHAPTER 5:
INHERENTLY TRADITIONAL

his speculation on the distance to reach
: “All About Christopher Columbus,” www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/all-about-christopher-columbus-1451-1506, captured August 2, 2013.

Finally, at the start of 1492
: Washington Irving,
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
.

With the Capitulations of Santa Fe
: “Santa Fe Capitulations,” UNESCO, www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/santa-fe-capitulations/, captured August 2, 2013.

He also wanted options on future business ventures
: “1492: An Ongoing Voyage,” U.S. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/columbus.html, captured August 2, 2013.

The
Niña
,
Pinta
, and
Santa María
arrived
: “Today in History: October 12,” U.S. Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html, captured August 2, 2013.

at its four corners are additional statues
: “Lafayette Square Historic District,” U.S. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc30.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

In 1607, for instance, Captain John Smith
: “A True Relation by Captain John Smith, 1608,” American Journeys, www.americanjourneys.org/aj-074/summary/, captured August 2, 2013.

The company intended to mine for gold
: Wesley Frank Craven,
The Virginia
Company
of London, 1606–1624
, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28555/28555-h/28555-h.htm.

as aggressive as a wolverine
: “A True Relation by Captain John Smith, 1608,” American Journeys, www.americanjourneys.org/aj-074/summary/, captured August 2, 2013.

He explored the bay area
: “Virginia Discovered and Described: John Smith’s Map of Virginia and Its Derivatives,” Library of Virginia, March 2007.

The pale-faced PMC with the fiery red beard
: “History of Jamestown: Pocahontas,” http://apva.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=26, captured August 2, 2013.

In 1614, Smith mapped the northern
: “Captain John Smith,” U.S. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/life-of-john-smith.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

Council for New England, previously known
: “Exploring the New World, Part 2,” www2.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/mellon/expNWp2.html, captured August 2, 2013.

a military contractor hired by the pilgrims
: “Myles Standish,”
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/563091/Myles-Standish, captured August 2, 2013.

one of the forty-one signers
: “Mayflower and the Mayflower Compact,” Plimoth Plantation, www.plimoth.org/learn/just-kids/homework-help/mayflower-and-mayflower-compact, captured August 2, 2013.

Approved by Governor John Hancock in 1780
: “The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,” www.sec.state.ma.us/pre/presea/sealhis.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

That coat of arms shows an Algonquian
: Ibid.

“a professional soldier hired to train”
: “Today in Guard History: December 21, 1620,” National Guard, www.nationalguard.mil/news/todayinhistory/december.aspx, captured August 2, 2013.

trusted the private sector’s ability to provide solutions
: Marc Lindemann, “Civilian Contractors Under Military Law,”
Parameters
, Autumn 2007.

a skilled Polish freedom fighter with an expertise in artillery
: “Tadeusz Kosciuszko: A Man of Unwavering Principle,” Institute of World Politics, www.iwp.edu/programs/page/tadeusz-kosciuszko-a-man-of-unwavering-principle, captured August 2, 2013.

The fortifications he built
: Ibid.

Prussian officer Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
: “Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben,” Bergen County Historical Society, www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/gnsteuben.html, captured August 2, 2013.

the French aristocrat the Marquis de Lafayette
: James R. Gaines, “Washington and Lafayette,”
Smithsonian
, September 2007.

“pushy French teenager”
: Ibid.

and today there are some two dozen towns or cities
: “America Celebrates 250th Birthday of the Marquis de Lafayette,” Academy Communications, August 15, 2007.

Comte Jean de Rochambeau was sent
: “Yorktown Battlefield: Comte de Rochambeau,” U.S. National Park Service, www.nps.gov/york/historyculture/rochambeaubio.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

“I cannot but acknowledge the infinite obligations”
: “From George Washington to Thomas McKean, 12 October 1781,” U.S. National Archives, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07143, captured August 2, 2013.

So powerful was the Royal Navy
: Henry Lawrence Swinburne,
The Royal Navy
.

The Continental Navy, such as there was one
: D. H. T. Shippey, “Patriots in Hell,” Breed’s Hill Institute, 2008.

proposed a turnkey solution
: Michael A. Palmer, “The Navy: The Continental Period, 1775–1780,” Naval History and Heritage Command, www.history.navy.mil/history/history2.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

Suddenly the twelve hundred guns
: D. H. T. Shippey, “Patriots in Hell,” Breed’s Hill Institute, 2008.

Congress printed blank commissions
: “To Form a More Perfect Union,” U.S. Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/orgwar.html, captured August 2, 2013.

By the end of the war, privateers
: D. H. T. Shippey, “Patriots in Hell,” Breed’s Hill Institute, 2008.

Privateers again took to the high seas
: “Privateering in the War of 1812,” www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/66, captured August 2, 2013.

Lincoln relied upon the Pinkerton National Detective Agency
: “History,” Pinkerton, www.pinkerton.com/history, captured August 2, 2013.

George McClellan soon hired the Scottish immigrant
: Ibid.

“developing a different view of espionage”
: “Intelligence in the Civil War,” Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/p11.htm, captured August 2, 2013.

colloquially known Escadrille Américaine
: “Escadrille Américaine,” National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=687, captured August 2, 2013.

Roosevelt sent retired U.S. Army Air Corps captain
: “Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault,” National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1338, captured August 2, 2013.

three squadrons commanded by Chennault
: Bob Bergin, “Claire Lee Chennault and the Problem of Intelligence in China,”
Studies in Intelligence
54, no. 2, June 2010.

“In the councils of government, we must guard”
: “Eisenhower: Farewell Address, 1961,” PBS American Experience, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/eisenhower-farewell/, captured August 2, 2013.

“At a time when all too many forces”
: Deborah C. Kidwell, “Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies,” Combat Studies Institute, 2005.

PMCs operate in more than fifty
: David Isenberg, “Security for Sale,”
Asia Times
, August 14, 2003.

“LOGCAP provides contingency support”
: Colonel Scott S. Haraburda, Lieutenant Colonel Frances A. Bloom, and Major Robert T. Keck, “Contracting Agility in LOGCAP—Kuwait,”
Army Logistician
, July–August 2009.

During the first Gulf War, PMCs made up
: Stephen Lendman, “Outsourcing War: The Rise of Private Military Contractors,”
SteveLendmanBlog,
January 19,
2010, http://sjlendman.blogspot.com/2010/01/outsourcing-war-rise-of-private.html, captured August 19, 2013.

But the DoD wanted a larger presence
: Leslie Wayne, “America’s For-Profit Secret Army,”
New York Times
, October 13, 2002.

DoD contracts with PMCs grew
: “Statement of David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, Before the Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services,” U.S. House of Representatives, March 11, 2008.

described as the first contractor wars
: Moshe Schwartz, “Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis,” Congressional Research Service, July 2, 2010.

The vast majority of the DoD’s PMCs
: Ibid.

four key components of the DoD’s “Total Force”
: “Quadrennial Defense Review Report,” U.S. Defense Department, February 6, 2006.

During the first Gulf War, the Army
: Leslie Wayne, “America’s For-Profit Secret Army,”
New York Times
, October 13, 2002.

the Army could still meet recruiting benchmarks
: “Military Accepting More Ex-Cons,” Associated Press, February 14, 2007.

offering $20,000 bonuses for recruits
: Karoun Demirjian, “Army Is Offering a Quick $20,000,”
Chicago Tribune
, August 4, 2007.

Only 71 percent of Army recruits that year
: Susanne M. Schafer, “Army Opens Prep School for Dropouts to Fill Ranks,”
USA Today
, August 27, 2008.

“We cannot operate without private security”
: James Risen, “Iraq Contractor in Shooting Case Makes Comeback,”
New York Times
, May 10, 2008.

“We’re never going to war”
: Nir Rosen, “Security Contractors: Riding Shotgun with Our Shadow Army in Iraq,”
Mother Jones
, April 24, 2007.

in Obama’s first year in office
:
Bill Moyers Journal
, June 5, 2009.

efforts by the DoD to “reduce the number”
: “Quadrennial Defense Review Report,” U.S. Defense Department, February 2010.