Complete Works of Lewis Carroll (188 page)
Read Complete Works of Lewis Carroll Online
Authors: Lewis Carroll
36.
m
1
x
0
†
y
1
m
′
0
¶
y
1
x
0
[Fig.
I (α).] Concl.
right.
37.
mx
′
0
†
m
1
y
0
¶
xy
′
1
[Fig.
III.] Concl.
right.
38.
xm
0
†
my
′
0
Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
39.
mx
0
†
my
′
1
¶
x
′y′
1
[Fig.
II.] Concl.
right.
40.
mx
′
0
†
ym
1
¶
xy
1
[Fig.
II.] Concl.
right.
SL7-B
Solutions for § 7.
1.
No doctors are enthusiastic;
You are enthusiastic.
You are not a doctor.
Univ.
“persons”;
m
= enthusiastic;
x
= doctors;
y
= you.
xm
0
†
y
1
m
′
0
¶
y
1
x
0
[Fig.
I (α).
Conclusion right.
2.
Dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.
Univ.
“books”;
m
= useful;
x
= dictionaries;
y
= valuable.
x
1
m
′
0
†
m
1
y
′
0
¶
x
1
y
′
0
[Fig.
I (α).
Conclusion right.
3.
No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.
Univ.
“people”;
m
= misers;
x
= selfish;
y
= people who save egg-shells.
mx
′
0
†
m
′y
0
¶
x
′y
0
[Fig.
I.
Conclusion right.
4.
Some epicures are ungenerous;
All my uncles are generous.
My uncles are not epicures.
Univ.
“persons”;
m
= generous;
x
= epicures;
y
= my uncles.
xm
′
1
†
y
1
m
′
0
¶
xy
′
1
[Fig.
II.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some epicures are not uncles of mine.”
5.
Gold is heavy;
Nothing but gold will silence him.
Nothing light will silence him.
Univ.
“things”;
m
= gold;
x
= heavy;
y
= able to silence him.
m
1
x
′
0
†
m
′y
0
¶
x
′y
0
[Fig.
I.
Conclusion right.
6.
Some healthy people are fat;
No unhealthy people are strong.
Some fat people are not strong.
Univ.
“people”;
m
= healthy;
x
= fat;
y
= strong.
mx
1
†
m
′y
0
No Conclusion.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
7.
I saw it in a newspaper;
All newspapers tell lies.
It was a lie.
Univ.
“publications”;
m
= newspapers;
x
= publications in which I saw it;
y
= telling lies.
x
1
m
′
0
†
m
1
y
′
0
¶
x
1
y
′
0
[Fig.
I (α).
Conclusion wrong: right one is “The publication, in which I saw it, tells lies.”
8.
Some cravats are not artistic;
I admire anything artistic.
There are some cravats that I do not admire.
Univ.
“things”;
m
= artistic;
x
= cravats;
y
= things that I admire.
xm
1
†
m
1
y
0
No Conclusion.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
9.
His songs never last an hour.
A song, that lasts an hour, is tedious.
His songs are never tedious.
Univ.
“songs”;
m
= lasting an hour;
x
= his;
y
= tedious.
x
1
m
0
†
m
1
y
′
0
¶
x
′y
1
[Fig.
III.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some tedious songs are not his.”
10.
Some candles give very little light;
Candles are meant to give light.
Some things, that are meant to give light, give very little.
Univ.
“things”;
m
= candles;
x
= giving &c.;
y
= meant &c.
mx
1
†
m
1
y
′
0
¶
xy
1
[Fig.
II.
Conclusion right.
11.
All, who are anxious to learn, work hard.
Some of these boys work hard.
Some of these boys are anxious to learn.
Univ.
“persons”;
m
= hard-working;
x
= anxious to learn;
y
= these boys.
x
1
m
′
0
†
ym
1
No Conclusion.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
12.
All lions are fierce;
Some lions do not drink coffee.
Some creatures that drink coffee are not fierce.
Univ.
“creatures”;
m
= lions;
x
= fierce;
y
= creatures that drink coffee.
m
1
x
′
0
†
my
′
1
¶
xy
′
1
[Fig.
II.
Conclusion wrong: right one is “Some fierce creatures do not drink coffee.”
13.
No misers are generous;
Some old men are ungenerous.
Some old men are misers.
Univ.
“persons”;
m
= generous;
x
= misers;
y
= old men.
xm
0
†
ym
′
1
No Conclusion.
[Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
14.
No fossil can be crossed in love;
An oyster may be crossed in love.
Oysters are not fossils.
Univ.
“things”;
m
= things that can be crossed in love;
x
= fossils;
y
= oysters.
xm
0
†
y
1
m
′
0
¶
y
1
x
0
[Fig.
I (α).
Conclusion right.
15.
All uneducated people are shallow;
Students are all educated.
No students are shallow.
Univ.
“people”;
m
= educated;
x
= shallow;
y
= students.
m
′
1
x
′
0
†
y
1
m
′
0
¶
xy
′
1
[Fig.
III.