Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World (88 page)

   
1.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
2.
 Ibid.

   
3.
 Rous

   
4.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
5.
 The passage has also been translated to read that Queen Anne and Elizabeth were of similar coloring and shape, but that would hardly have given rise to such comments and speculation.

   
6.
 Hicks:
Anne Neville

   
7.
 Letter of Thomas Langton, Bishop of St. David’s, cited by Ross:
Richard III

   
8.
 Pollard

   
9.
 Dockray:
Richard III: A Source Book

  
10.
 
Croyland Chronicle
. The words “gratify an incestuous passion” can also be translated as “gratify his incestuous passion” or “complete his incestuous association.”

  
11.
 Peter Clarke: “English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century”

  
12.
 Cited by Baldwin in
Richard III

  
13.
 Baldwin:
Richard III

  
14.
 Hicks:
Anne Neville

  
15.
 Buck

  
16.
 Stow:
Annals

  
17.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
18.
 Helmholz; Sheppard-Routh

  
19.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
20.
 
Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company

  
21.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
22.
 Ibid.

  
23.
 Lopes

  
24.
 Warrants for Issues, E. 404/78/3/47

  
25.
 For the Portuguese negotiations, see Wilkins; Sanceau; Barrie Williams: “The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the ‘Holy Princess’ ”; Lopes; Santos; Marques; Ashdown-Hill:
The Last Days of Richard III;
Baldwin:
Richard III
. Joana was canonized in 1693.

  
26.
 Lamb, citing Harleian MS. 433, states that Elizabeth was proposed as a bride for James FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond (1459–87). Harley 433 does contain a letter sent in September 1484 by Richard III to the earl, offering to find a suitable bride for Desmond if he ceased conducting himself violently in Munster, adopted English attire, and returned to his allegiance—but Elizabeth is not mentioned. I am indebted to the historian Josephine Wilkinson, who double-checked this for me and confirmed that there is no reference at all to her in connection with Desmond.

  
27.
 Cited by Vergil’s editor, Dennis Hay, from Vergil’s unpublished manuscript. Buck’s editor, A. N. Kincaid, suggests that the reason why this was omitted from Vergil’s published history was that it reflected Elizabeth’s views on marrying Henry Tudor rather than Richard III, but Vergil wasn’t writing in reference to Henry VII, and it is more likely that he left out this passage because he knew his master was sensitive about the matter.

  
28.
 Reproduced by Kincaid in “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham.”

  
29.
 Egerton MS. 2216; Bodleian MS. Malone 1; Fisher MS., University of Toronto; Additional MS. 27422

  
30.
 For a full discussion of these texts, see A. N. Kincaid, in Buck.

  
31.
 Kincaid: “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham”; Horrox

  
32.
 Buck, ed. Kincaid

  
33.
 Ibid.

  
34.
 Hicks:
Anne Neville

  
35.
 Kincaid, in Buck

  
36.
 Hervey; Kincaid’s edition of Buck; Ricci

  
37.
 Kincaid, in Buck

  
38.
 Memoir in
PPE

  
39.
 Gairdner

  
40.
 For the debate see Kincaid, in Buck; Horrox; and the articles by Hanham and Kincaid in
The Ricardian
.

  
41.
 See also Okerlund:
Elizabeth of York

  
42.
 Ashdown-Hill:
The Last Days of Richard III;
Ashdown-Hill:
Richard III’s “Beloved Cousyn”

  
43.
 Kincaid: “Buck and the Elizabeth of York Letter: A Reply to Dr. Hanham”

  
44.
 Baldwin:
Elizabeth Woodville

  
45.
 Baldwin:
Richard III

  
46.
 For example, by me in
The Princes in the Tower
, although I have now revised that view in light of further research.

  
47.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
48.
 Royal MS. 20, A, f. XIX

  
49.
 Harleian MS. 49

  
50.
 Gristwood

  
51.
 Weir:
The Princes in the Tower;
Visser-Fuchs: “Where did Elizabeth of York find consolation?”; Baldwin:
Lost Prince;
Okerlund:
Elizabeth of York

  
52.
 Vergil

  
53.
 Ibid.; Griffiths and Thomas

  
54.
 Gristwood

  
55.
 
Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company

  
56.
 
York Civic Records; Letters of the Kings of England

  
57.
 
Croyland Chronicle

   
1.
 Aside from Gairdner, who compared all the versions of the poem, most historians have based their assessments on Heywood’s edition; however, it differs considerably from the earlier texts.

   
2.
 Letts

   
3.
 Probably a reference to the Clare inheritance, which should have descended to Elizabeth as her father’s heiress.

   
4.
 Meaning the common people of his affinity.

   
5.
 Cokayne

   
6.
 Leland:
Itinerary

   
7.
 Ibid.; Todd; Camden. Sheriff Hutton Castle was much decayed by the reign of James I, when it was partially dismantled, and today only the stark ruins of two towers and the gatehouse remain on its grassy mound.

   
8.
 Bacon’s work was based on printed sources that are still available today, and on manuscript sources, such as those in Sir Robert Cotton’s library
and documents in the records office in the Tower of London and the Crown Office. His contemporary, John Selden, praised his work as one of only two histories that contained “either of the truth or plenty that may be gained from the records of this kingdom” (cited by Vickers in his edition of Bacon).

   
9.
 According to a near-contemporary pedigree roll drawn up for the family of Margaret of Clarence, Warwick’s sister; see Philip Morgan: “Those were the days: a Yorkist pedigree roll,” in
Estrangement, Enterprise and Education in Fifteenth-Century England;
Jones:
Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485
.

  
10.
 
Original Letters Illustrative of English History

  
11.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
12.
 Ibid.

  
13.
 Ross:
Wars of the Roses

  
14.
 Ibid.

  
15.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
16.
 Most writers follow Kendall:
Richard the Third
, although he cites no source for this date.

  
17.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
18.
 Ibid.

  
19.
 Hall

  
20.
 Vergil

  
21.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
22.
 Ibid.

  
23.
 Ibid.; Vergil

  
24.
 Vergil is the only source to state it was Lord Stanley who retrieved the crown; the
Great Chronicle of London
states that it was Sir William Stanley. After Sir William’s execution for treason in 1495, Vergil may have deemed it politic to assert that it was his brother.

  
25.
 Vergil; Hall

  
26.
 Vergil

  
27.
 Harleian MS. 542

  
28.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
29.
 Rous

  
30.
 
HVIIPPE

  
31.
 Ashdown-Hill:
The Fate of Richard III’s Body;
Pidgeon; Baldwin:
King Richard’s Grave in Leicester;
Billson

  
32.
 Bacon; Francis Drake, in
Eboracum
, says that Halewell is mentioned in one of the warrants.

  
33.
 Vergil

  
34.
 Bacon

  
35.
 Vergil

  
36.
 Bacon

  
37.
 Ibid.

  
38.
 Laynesmith

  
39.
 Warrant of February 24, 1486, in Exchequer Records E.404/79

  
40.
 Godfrey and Wagner; Kingsford: “Historical Notes on Mediaeval London Houses.” Coldharbour was burned down in 1666 during the Great Fire of London.

   
1.
 Chrimes; Professor Eric Ives, in conversation with the author, May 2012.

   
2.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers
. Henry’s great-grandfather, John Beaufort, was the brother of Elizabeth’s great-grandmother, Joan Beaufort.

   
3.
 Hicks:
Anne Neville;
Peter Clarke: “English Royal Marriages and the Papal Penitentiary in the Fifteenth Century”

   
4.
 Rastell

   
5.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

   
6.
 Bacon

   
7.
 Ross:
Wars of the Roses

   
8.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

   
9.
 Bacon

  
10.
 
CSP Spain

  
11.
 Vergil

  
12.
 Hall

  
13.
 Gristwood; Jones and Underwood

  
14.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
15.
 
Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh

  
16.
 
Rutland Papers

  
17.
 Fisher:
Funeral Sermon

  
18.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
19.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
20.
 
CSP Spain

  
21.
 Buck

  
22.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
23.
 Anglo:
Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy

  
24.
 In his dispensation of 1486 (
Foedera
)—see
Chapter 9
.

  
25.
 Leland:
Collectanea

  
26.
 
Popular Songs of Ireland

  
27.
 Mancini

  
28.
 Bacon

  
29.
 Ibid.

  
30.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
31.
 Dockray:
Richard III: Myth and Reality

  
32.
 Bacon

  
33.
 
Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh

  
34.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
35.
 Vergil

  
36.
 Hall

  
37.
 Challis; Anglo:
Images of Tudor Kingship

  
38.
 Mackie

  
39.
 Bacon

  
40.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
41.
 Weightman; Vaughan; Wiesflacker

  
42.
 Harleian MS. 336, in Leland:
Collectanea
. Gigli was rewarded with a prebendary stall in York; he would serve Henry VII as ambassador to Rome and become Bishop of Worcester (Tournoy-Thouen; Dixon).

  
43.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers
, January 1486

  
44.
 
PPE

  
45.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
46.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh;
André

  
47.
 Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra

  
48.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
49.
 Ibid.

  
50.
 Ibid.

  
51.
 Hall

  
52.
 
Rotuli Parliamentorum

  
53.
 André

  
54.
 
CSP Venice

  
55.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
56.
 
Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII

  
57.
 Shears

  
58.
 
Calendar of Papal Registers

  
59.
 Ibid.; Loades:
Mary Rose

  
60.
 Bacon; Croyland also gives the date as January 18.

  
61.
 André

  
62.
 Mutilated document in Cotton MS. Cleopatra

  
63.
 
Croyland Chronicle

  
64.
 Meerson

  
65.
 Arch and Marschner

  
66.
 Harleian MS. 336, in Leland:
Collectanea

  
67.
 Okerlund:
Elizabeth of York; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh

  
68.
 Bacon

  
69.
 Ibid.

  
70.
 Harleian MS. 336, in
Leland Collectanea

  
71.
 Cambridge University Library Dd. 13.27, f. 31; Strickland

  
72.
 Hawes:
A Joyful Meditation

  
73.
 
Stuart Royal Proclamations

  
74.
 Kohler; Francis Perry;
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/

  
75.
 All cited by Wroe

  
76.
 
York Civic Records

  
77.
 Cited by Hilliam

  
78.
 Anglo:
Images of Tudor Kingship