Exuberance: The Passion for Life (47 page)

110.
“unrestrained, merry”: Emil Kraepelin,
Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia
(1921; New York: Arno Press, 1976), p. 63.

111.
“they show off in public”: Aretaeus of Cappadocia, quoted in G. Roccatagliata,
A History of Ancient Psychiatry
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 230–31.

112.
mood and energy generally soar: A review of 14 clinical studies comprising a total of nearly 800 manic patients found that 71 percent exhibited euphoria (a similar percentage showed irritability and/or depression; many had symptoms of both depressed mood and euphoria): Goodwin and Jamison,
Manic-Depressive Illness
, p. 31. As early as Aretaeus of Cappadocia in A.D. 150, observers of mania and depression observed a close link between the two states, often regarding them as different forms of the same clinical condition.

113.
“like a man with air balloons”: Benjamin Haydon quoted in Walter Jackson Bate,
John Keats
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1963), p. 98.

114.
more colorful language: N.J.C. Andreasen and B. Pfohl, “Linguistic Analysis of Speech in Affective Disorders,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
, 33: 1361–67 (1976).

115.
Rhyming and sound associations: Kraepelin refers to at least five earlier word-association experiments in his 1921 monograph
Manic-Depressive Insanity;
G. Murphy, “Types of Word-Association in Dementia Praecox, Manic-Depressives, and Normal Persons,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 79: 539–71 (1923); L. Pons, J. I. Nurnberger, and D. L. Murphy, “Mood-Independent Aberrancies in Associative Processes in Bipolar Affective Disorder: An Apparent Stabilizing Effect of Lithium,”
Psychiatry Research
, 14: 315–22 (1985).

116.
“There are moments”: Vincent van Gogh, letter to his brother Theo, February 3, 1889, in
The Complete Letters of Vincent van Gogh
(Boston: New York Graphic Society, published by Little, Brown, 1985), vol. 3, p. 134.

117.
Artwork produced during mania: The studies of artistic expression during mania and depression are summarized and reviewed in Goodwin and Jamison,
Manic-Depressive Illness
(tabularized on p. 288).

118.
“flight of ideas”: A review of nine clinical studies comprising a total of more than 600 manic patients found that 71 percent reported a flight of ideas or racing thoughts: ibid.

119.
“First and foremost”: John Custance,
Wisdom, Madness, and Folly: The Philosophy of a Lunatic
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952), p. 30.

120.
“As I sit here”: ibid., pp. 33–34.

121.
“All the problems of the universe”: E. Reiss,
Konstitutionelle Verstimmung und Manisch-Depressives Irresein
(Berlin: J. Springer, 1910); quoted in Goodwin and Jamison,
Manic-Depressive Illness
, pp. 26–27.

122.
“I roll on like a ball”: quoted in John Rosenberg,
The Darkening Glass: A Portrait of Ruskin’s Genius
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 151.

123.
“bustle along like a Surinam toad”: quoted in W. Jackson Bate,
Coleridge
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 211.

124.
“mania is a sickness”: Robert Lowell, “A Conversation with Ian Hamilton,” in
Robert Lowell: Collected Prose
, ed. Robert Giroux (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987), p.

125.
126 “I must record everything”: Morag Coate,
Beyond All Reason
(London: Constable & Co., 1964), pp. 84–85.

126.
More than twenty studies: In addition to the more than twenty studies discussed in Kay Redfield Jamison,
Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament
(New York: Free Press, 1993), see F. Post, “Creativity and Psychopathology: A Study of 291 World-Famous Men,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
, 165: 22–34 (1994); J. J. Schildkraut, A. J. Hirshfeld, and J. M. Murphy, “Mind and Mood in Modern Art: II. Depressive Disorders, Spirituality, and Early Deaths in the Abstract Expressionist Artists of the New York School,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 151: 482–88 (1994); A. M. Ludwig,
The Price of Greatness: Resolving the Creativity and Madness Controversy
(New York: Guilford Press, 1995); F. Post, “Verbal Creativity, Depression, and Alcoholism: An Investigation of One Hundred American and British Writers,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
, 168: 545–55 (1996); E. M. Fodor, “Subclinical Inclination Toward Manic-Depression and Creative Performance on the Remote Associates Test,”
Personality and Individual Differences
, 27: 1273–83 (1999); D. Schuldberg, “Six Subclinical Spectrum Traits in Normal Creativity,”
Creativity Research Journal
, 13: 5–16 (2000–2001); C. M. Strong, C. M. Santosa, N. Sachs, C. M. Rennicke, P. W. Wang, A. Hier, and T. A. Ketter, “Relationships Between Creativity and Temperament in Bipolar Disorder Patients and Healthy Volunteers,” paper presented to the American Psychiatric Association in May 2000; B. Das, C. M. Strong, N. Sachs, M. Eng, J. Mongolcheep, and T. A. Ketter, “Creativity Enhancement in Bipolar Patients More Specific Than in Creative Subjects,” paper presented to the American Psychiatric Association in May 2001.

127.
“The
thinking
of the manic is flighty”: Eugen Bleuler,
Textbook of Psychiatry
, Eng. ed. A. A. Brill (New York: Macmillan, 1924), p. 466.

128.
Both individuals who are manic: N. Andreasen and P. Powers, “Creativity and Psychosis: An Examination of Conceptual Style,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
, 32: 70–73 (1975).

129.
researchers at the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic: L. Welch, O. Diethelm, and L. Long, “Measurement of Hyper-Associative Activity During Elation,”
Journal of Psychology
, 21: 113–26 (1946).

130.
Verbal associations increase: Pons, Nurnberger, and Murphy, “Mood-Independent Aberrancies”; M. R. Solovay, M. E. Shenton, and P. S. Holzman, “Comparative Studies of Thought Disorders: I. Mania and Schizophrenia,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
, 44: 13–20 (1987); J. Levine, K. Schild, R. Kimhi,
and G. Schreiber, “Word Association Production in Affective Versus Schizophrenic Psychoses,”
Psychopathology
, 29: 7–13 (1996).

131.
study of eminent writers and artists: K. R. Jamison, “Mood Disorders and Patterns of Creativity in British Writers and Artists,”
Psychiatry
, 52: 125–34 (1989).

132.
Harvard study of manic-depression: R. L. Richards, D. K. Kinney, I. Lunde, and M. Bent, “Creativity in Manic-Depressives, Cyclothymes, and Their Normal First-Degree Relatives: A Preliminary Report,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 97: 281–88 (1988).

133.
students vulnerable to manic-depressive illness: Fodor, “Subclinical Inclination Toward Manic-Depression.”

134.
“The slightest forms of the disorder”: Kraepelin,
Manic-Depressive Insanity
, pp. 129–30.

135.
“a link in the long chain”: ibid., p. 130.

136.
certain temperaments, including hyperthymia: H. S. Akiskal and G. Mallya, “Criteria for the ‘Soft’ Bipolar Spectrum: Treatment Implications,”
Psychopharmacology Bulletin
, 23: 68–73 (1987); H. S. Akiskal, “Delineating Irritable and Hyperthymic Variants of the Cyclothymic Temperament,”
Journal of Personality Disorders
, 6: 326–42 (1992).

137.
Hypomanic Personality Scale: M. Eckblad and L. J. Chapman, “Development and Validation of a Scale for Hypomanic Personality,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 95: 214–22 (1986); T. D. Meyer, “The Hypomanic Personality Scale, the Big Five, and Their Relationship to Depression and Mania,”
Personality and Individual Differences
, 32: 649–60 (2002); T. D. Meyer and M. Hautzinger, “Screening for Bipolar Disorders Using the Hypomanic Personality Scale,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
, 75: 149–54 (2003).

138.
thirteen-year follow-up study of students: T. R. Kwapil, M. B. Miller, M. C. Zinser, L. J. Chapman, J. Chapman, and M. Eckblad, “A Longitudinal Study of High Scorers on the Hypomanic Personality Scale,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 109: 222–26 (2000).

139.
study of American and Italian students: G. F. Placidi, S. Signoretta, A. Liguori, R. Gervasi, I. Maremmani, and H. S. Akiskal, “The Semi-Structured Affective Temperament Interview (TEMPS-I): Reliability and Psychometric Properties in 1010 14–26-Year-Old Students,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
, 47: 1–10 (1998); Kagan,
Galen’s Prophecy;
Fox et al., “Continuity and Discontinuity.”

1.
People
like
to be humbugged: P. T. Barnum, quoted in A. H. Saxon,
P T Barnum: The Legend and the Man
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), p. 335.

2.
“throw up sky-rockets”: quoted ibid.

3.
“blessed with a vigor”: P. T. Barnum,
Barnum’s Own Story: The Autobiography of P. T. Barnum
(1855; Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1972), p. 452.

4.
“utterly fruitless”: ibid., p. 401.

5.
“We can hear it”: Leon Edel, “The Madness of Art,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 132:
1005–12
(1975), p. 1008.

6.
“The colors of my life”: “The Colors of My Life,” lyrics by Michael Stewart, from the musical
Barnum
by Michael Stewart and Cy Coleman, first performed in 1980; Warner Brothers, 1980.

7.
“I have lived so long”: P. T. Barnum, letter to Mrs. Abel C. Thomas, May 22, 1874, in
Selected Letters of P. T. Barnum
, ed. A. H. Saxon (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), p. 180.

8.
“Through a night as dark as space”: “The Prince of Humbug,” lyrics by Michael Stewart, from the musical
Barnum
by Michael Stewart and Cy Coleman; Warner Brothers 1980.

9.
Malcolm Gladwell argues: Malcolm Gladwell,
The Tipping Point
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2000.)

10.
“How I long for”: John Osborne,
Look Back in Anger: A Play in Three Acts
(London: Faber and Faber, 1960), p. 15.

11.
“Good things as well as bad”: C. S. Lewis,
Mere Christianity
(1952; New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 176.

12.
“he had fun”: Katharine Graham, obituary for Russ Wiggins,
Washington Post
, November 20, 2000.

13.
“powerful senders”: R. Buck, R. E. Miller, and W. F. Caul, “Sex, Personality and Physiological Variables in the Communication of Emotion via Facial Expression,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 30: 587–96 (1974).

14.
scored high on measures of extraversion: ibid.; H. S. Friedman and R. E. Riggio, “Effect of Individual Differences in Nonverbal Expressiveness on Transmission of Emotion,”
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
, 6: 96–101 (1981); Elaine Hatfield, John Cacioppo, and Richard Rapson,
Emotional Contagion
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

15.
“visible and convincing appearance”: Carl Jung,
Psychological Types
(London: Kegan Paul, 1933), p. 407.

16.
“kindles no flame of enthusiasm”: ibid., p. 408.

17.
The Affective Communication Test: H. S. Friedman, L. M. Prince, R. E. Riggio, and M. R. Di Matteo, “Understanding and Assessing Nonverbal Expressiveness: The Affective Communication Test,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 39: 333–51 (1980).

18.
People who score high on this test: ibid.

19.
Expressive individuals strongly influence: Friedman and Riggio, “Effect of Individual Differences”; E. S. Sullins, “Emotional Contagion Revisited: Effects of Social Comparisons and Expressive Style on Mood Convergence,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, 17: 166–74 (1991).

20.
more emotional information: D. Newton, “Attribution and the Unit of Perception of Ongoing Behavior,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 28: 28–38 (1973); R. Buck, R. Baron, N. Goodman, and B. Shapiro, “Utilization of Spontaneous Nonverbal Behavior in the Study of Emotion Communication,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 39: 522–29 (1980); L. Z. McArthur, “What Grabs You? The Role of Attention in Impression Formation and Causal Attribution,” in
Social Cognition
, ed. E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, and M. P. Zanna (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1981), pp. 201–41; R. Buck, R. Baron, and D. Barrette, “Temporal Organization of Spontaneous Emotional Expression: A Segmentation Analysis,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 42: 506–17 (1982).

21.
Women, although they in general score: Friedman et al., “Understanding and Assessing Nonverbal Expressiveness”; R. Buck,
The Communication of Emotion
(New York: Guilford, 1984); Judith Hall,
Nonverbal Sex Differences: Communication Accuracy and Expressive Style
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).

22.
Barbara Wild and her colleagues: B. Wild, M. Erb, and M. Bartels, “Are Emotions Contagious? Evoked Emotions While Viewing Emotionally Expressive Faces: Quality, Quantity, Time Course and Gender Differences,”
Psychiatry Research
, 102: 109–24 (2001).

23.
the most accurately communicated of the emotions: H. L. Wagner, C. J. MacDonald, and A.S.R. Manstead, “Communication of Individual Emotions by Spontaneous Facial Expressions,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 50: 737–43 (1986).

24.
Negative emotions, although less accurately transmitted: E. S. Sullins, “Emotional Contagion Revisited: Effects of Social Comparisons and Expressive Style on Mood Convergence,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, 17: 166–74 (1991).

25.
many types of negative stimuli: F. Pratto, “Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-Grabbing Power of Negative Social Information,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 61: 380–91 (1991); J.M.G. Williams, A. Matthews, and C. MacLeod, “The Emotional Stroop Task and Psychopathology,”
Psychological Bulletin
, 120: 3–24 (1996); D. Wentura, K. Rothermund, and P. Bak, “Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-Grabbing Power of Approach- and Avoidance-Related Social Information,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 78:
1024–37 (2000); A. Dijksterhuis and H. Aarts, “On Wildebeests and Humans: The Preferential Detection of Negative Stimuli,”
Psychological Science
, 14: 14–18 (2003).

26.
Mice, for example: M. Luo, M. S. Fee, and L. C. Katz, “Encoding Pheromonal Signals in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb of Behaving Mice,”
Science
, 299: 1196–1201 (2003).

27.
Young male Asian elephants: L.E.L. Rasmussen, H. S. Riddle, and V. Krishnamurthy, “Mellifluous Matures to Malodorous in Musth,”
Nature
, 415: 975–76 (2002).

28.
“gather sweetness from the temples”: ibid., p. 975.

29.
Emotional Contagion Scale: Elaine Hatfield, John Cacioppo, and Richard Rapson,
Emotional Contagion
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

30.
Gender is also a factor: J. M. Haviland and C. Z. Malatesta, “The Development of Sex Differences in Nonverbal Signals: Fallacies, Facts, and Fantasies,” in
Gender and Nonverbal Behavior
, ed. C. Mayo and N. M. Henley (New York: Springer Verlag, 1981), pp. 183–208.

31.
women were far more susceptible: Hatfield et al.,
Emotional Contagion
.

32.
people who are themselves happy: J. A. Easterbrook, “The Effect of Emotion on Cue-Utilization and the Organization of Behavior,”
Psychological Review
, 66: 183–201 (1959); C. K. Hsee, E. Hatfield, and C. Chemtob, “Assessment of the Emotional States of Others: Conscious Judgments versus Emotional Contagion,”
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11
: 119–28 (1991); K. Otley and J. M. Jenkins, “Human Emotions: Function and Dysfunction,”
Annual Review of Psychology
, 43: 55–85 (1992); C. Sedikides, “Mood as a Determinant of Attentional Focus,”
Cognition and Emotion
, 6: 129–48 (1992).

33.
Depressed individuals: H. Berenbaum and T. F. Ottmanns, “Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 101: 37–44 (1992); B. E. Wexler, L. Levenson, S. Warrenburg, and L. H. Price, “Decreased Perceptual Sensitivity to Emotion-Evoking Stimuli in Depression,”
Psychiatry Research
, 51: 127–58 (1994); D. M. Sloan, M. E. Strauss, S. W. Quirk, and M. Sajatovic, “Subjective and Expressive Emotional Responses in Depression,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
, 46: 135–41 (1997); N. B. Allen, J. Trinder, and C. Brennen, “Affective Startle Modulation in Clinical Depression: Preliminary Findings,”
Biological Psychiatry
, 46:542–50 (1999); J. B. Henriques and R. J. Davidson, “Decreased Responsiveness to Reward in Depression,”
Cognition and Emotion
, 14:711–24 (2000); D. M. Sloan, M. E. Strauss, and K. L. Wisner, “Diminished Response to Pleasant Stimuli by Depressed Women,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 110: 488–93 (2001); J. Rottenberg, K. L. Kasch, J. J. Gross, and I. H. Gotlib, “Sadness and Amusement
Reactivity Differentially Predict Concurrent and Prospective Functioning in Major Depressive Disorder,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111
: 302–12 (2002); L. K. Murray, T. J. Wheeldon, I. C. Reid, D. A. Rowland, D. M. Burt, and D. I. Perrett, “Depression and Facial Expression Sensitivity: Exploratory Studies: Facial Expression Sensitivity in Depression,” submitted for publication.

34.
Nine-month-old infants: N. T. Termine and C. E. Izard, “Infants’ Responses to Their Mothers’ Expressions of Joy and Sadness,”
Developmental Psychology
, 24: 223–29 (1988).

35.
One-year-olds: D. L. Mumme and A. Fernald, “The Infant as Onlooker: Learning from Emotional Reactions Observed in a Television Scenario,”
Child Development
, 74: 221–37 (2003).

36.
Adults, too, when interacting: J. K. Hietanen, V. Surakka, and I. Linnankoski, “Facial Electromyographic Response to Vocal Affect Expressions,”
Psychophysiology
, 35: 530–36 (1998); V. Surakka and J. K. Hietanen, “Facial and Emotional Reactions to Duchenne and Non-Duchenne Smiles,”
International Journal of Psychophysiology
, 29: 23–33 (1998).

37.
Darwin believed that laughter: Charles Darwin,
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
, 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 195; first edition published in 1872.

38.
Chimpanzees and pygmy chimpanzees: M. J. Owren and J. Bachorowski, “The Evolution of Emotional Expression: A ‘Selfish-Gene’ Account of Smiling and Laughter in Early Hominids and Humans,” in
Emotions: Current Issues and Future Directions
, ed. M. T. Mayne and G. A. Bonanno (New York: Guilford, 2001), pp. 152–91; J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and S. Preuschoft, “Laughter and Smiling: The Intertwining of Nature and Culture,” in
Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies
, ed. F.B.M. de Waal and P. L. Tyack (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 260–87.

39.
Tickling, according to Roger Fouts: Roger Fouts, with Stephen Tukel Mills,
Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me About Who We Are
(New York: William Morrow, 1997).

40.
smiling and laughter had very different origins: van Hooff and Preuschoft, “Laughter and Smiling.”

41.
“learnt of friends”: Rupert Brooke, “The Soldier,” in
1914 & Other Poems
(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1919), p. 15.

42.
“From quiet homes”: Hilaire Belloc, “Dedicatory Ode,” in
Complete Verse
(London: Duckworth, 1970), p. 60.

43.
Epidemics of contagious laughter: Robert R. Provine,
Laughter: A Scientific Investigation
(New York: Viking, 2000), pp. 129–33.

44.
“this plague of laughter”: ibid., pp. 130–31; A. M. Rankin and P. J. Philip, “An Epidemic of Laughing in the Bukoba District of Tanganyika,”
Central African
Journal of Medicine
, 9: 167–70 (1963); G. J. Ebrahim, “Mass Hysteria in School Children: Notes on Three Outbreaks in East Africa,”
Clinical Pediatrics
, 7: 437–38 (1968).

45.
Women laugh more often: Provine,
Laughter
, pp. 27–29.

46.
chimpanzees and college students: R. R. Provine and K. R. Fischer, “Laughing, Smiling, and Talking: Relation to Sleeping and Social Context in Humans,”
Ethology
, 83: 295–305 (1989); van Hooff and Preuschoft, “Laughterand Smiling.”

47.
students were thirty times more likely to laugh: Provine and Fischer, “Laughing, Smiling, and Talking.”

48.
“Niagara of laughter”: quoted in Provine,
Laughter
, p. 136.

49.
The long-term physical benefits: R. Holden,
Laughter: The Best Medicine
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993); P. Martin,
The Sickening Brain: Brain, Behavior, Immunity and Disease
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997); R. A. Martin, “Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health: Methodological Issues and Research Findings,”
Psychological Bulletin
, 127: 504–19 (2001); R. A. Martin, “Is Laughter the Best Medicine? Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health,”
Psychological Science, 11
: 216–20 (2002).

50.
extraverts laugh more often: W. Ruch, “Exhilaration and Humor,” in
Handbook of Emotions
, ed. M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland (New York: Guilford, 1993), pp. 605–16.

51.
Rats that chirp: B. Knutson, J. Burgdorf, and J. Panksepp, “Anticipation of Play Elicits High-Frequency Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Young Rats,”
Journal of Comparative Psychology
, 112: 1–9 (1998); J. Panksepp and J. Burgdorf, “Laughing Rats? Playful Tickling Arouses 50KHz Ultrasonic Chirping in Rats,”
Society for Neuroscience Abstracts
, 24: 691 (1998); J. Panksepp and J. Burgdorf, “Laughing Rats? Playful Tickling Arouses High-Frequency Ultrasonic Chirping in Young Rodents,” in
Toward a Science of Consciousness III
, ed. S. Hameroff, D. Chalmers, and A. Kazniak (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 231–44.