George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (31 page)

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THE USER'S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE

HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE

 

The Universe is governed by scientific laws. These determine how the Universe starts off and how it develops in time. The aim of science is to discover the laws and to find out what they mean. It is the most exciting treasure hunt of all because the treasure is the understanding of the Universe and everything in it. We haven't found all the laws yet so the hunt is still on, but we have a good idea of what they must be in all but the most extreme conditions.

 

The most important laws are those that describe the forces.

 

So far we have discovered four types of forces:

  • 1) The Electromagnetic Force
    This holds atoms together and governs light, radio waves, and electronic devices, such as computers and televisions.
  • 2) The Weak Force
    This is responsible for radioactivity and plays a vital role in powering the Sun, and in the formation of the elements in stars and the early Universe.
  • 3) The Strong Force
    This holds the central nucleus of an atom together and provides the power for nuclear weapons and the Sun.
  • 4) Gravity
    This is the weakest of the four forces, but it holds us to the Earth, the Earth and the planets in orbit around the Sun, the Sun in orbit around the center of the Galaxy, and so on.

We have laws that describe each of these forces, but scientists believe that there is one key to the Universe, not four. We think that this division into four forces is artificial and that we will be able to combine the laws that describe those forces into a single theory. So far we have managed to combine the electromagnetic and weak forces. It should be possible to combine these two with the strong force, but it is much more difficult to combine the three with gravity because gravity bends space and time.

 

Nevertheless we have a strong candidate for the single theory of all forces that would be the key to understanding the Universe. It is called
M-theory
. We haven't completely worked out what M-theory is, which is why some people say the M stands for “mystery.” If we do, we will understand the Universe from the Big Bang to the far distant future.

 

Eric

INDEX TO SPECIFIC FACTUAL SECTIONS

There is lots of science within this book, but there are also a number of separate sections where facts and information are provided on specific subjects. Some readers may wish to refer back to these pages in particular.

 

Venus

 

Light and How It Travels Through Space

 

The Drake Equation

 

Robotic Space Travel

 

Space Inventions

 

Binary Code

 

Manned Spaceflight

 

How Sound Travels Through Space

 

Titan

 

Satellites in Space

 

Alpha Centauri

 

55 Cancri

Acknowledgments

This book comes with our grateful thanks to:

 

Jane and Jonathan, without whose kindness and support this book would not exist. William, for his sweetness and good humor about his mom and grandad writing another book.

Garry Parsons, for his illustrations, which capture the story line, the adventure, and the characters so perfectly.

Geoff Marcy, for his amazing lecture at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, which inspired the theme of this book.

The distinguished scientists who made their work accessible to a young audience through the essays that form
The User's Guide to the Universe
. They are Bernard Carr, Seth Shostak, Brandon Carter, Martin Rees, and Geoff Marcy. Their expert knowledge and enthusiasm for this project made it a joy to work on.

Stuart Rankin at the University of Cambridge, for writing so brilliantly about how light and sound travel.

Our friends at NASA and all the people in the different departments who took the time and trouble to talk to us about what NASA does and how it works. In particular, we would like to thank Michael Griffin, Michael O'Brien, Michael Curie, and Bob Jacobs.

Kimberly Lievense and Marc Rayman at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, for their help with the wonders of robotic spaceflight.

Kip Thorne and Leonard Mlodinow at Caltech, for their advice and friendship.

Richard Garriott and Peter Diamandis at Space Adventures, for their energy and enthusiasm, and Richard for including us—and the first George book—in his real-life space adventure! Thanks to him,
George's Secret Key to the Universe
has now visited the International Space Station.

Markus Poessel, for his attention to detail and helpful comment.

George Becker and Daniel Stark at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, for their invaluable comments.

Sam Blackburn and Tom Kendall, for patiently answering endless quirky science, engineering, and computing questions.

Tif Loehnis and all at Janklow and Nesbit, UK, for their kindness and hard work on the George series. And Eric Simonoff in the New York office, for sending George to the United States once more.

At Random House, our wonderful editor Sue Cook, for her tremendous work, which brought the
Cosmic Treasure Hunt
together and made it into such a beautiful book. Lauren Buckland, for her great work on the text and the images; Sophie Nelson, for the careful copyedit; and James Fraser, for his wonderful front cover. Also Maeve Banham and her team in the Rights department, for helping to ensure that the George books truly do reach an international audience. And a special thank you to Annie Eaton, for her dedication and warmth toward the George series.

Keso Kendall, for her help with how a teenage supercomputer should speak.

All the “team”—at home and at the university—for their patience and generosity toward another George book.

Finally, but most importantly, we would like to thank our young readers—Melissa Ball, Poppy and Oscar Wallington, Anthony Redford, and Joanna Fox, for their thoughtful feedback and their very helpful comments on the
Cosmic Treasure Hunt
. And we would like to thank all the kids who asked the questions, who wrote, e-mailed, or came to lectures and were brave enough to stand up and ask something at the end. We hope this book gives you a few answers. And we hope you never stop asking “Why?”

Lucy and Stephen Hawking

About the Authors

LUCY HAWKING is the author of two novels for adults and has written for many newspapers as well as appearing on television and radio. Lucy has given popular talks on space travel and science for kids all around the world, including an address at one of NASA's fiftieth-birthday celebrations. Lucy is the winner of the 2008 Sapio Award for Popularizing Science.

STEPHEN HAWKING is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He is widely regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Einstein. His adult book A Brief History of Time has been a publishing sensation.

George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt
is their second book together about George, Annie, Eric, and, of course, Cosmos.

About the Illustrator

GARRY PARSONS studied fine art at Canterbury and went on to study illustration at the University of Brighton. His work has won him several prizes, including the 2004 Red House Children's Book Award for his picture book
Billy's Bucket
. Garry lives in London.

Photographic Insert

© RIA NOVOSTI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Laika, the first living Earth-born creature in orbit.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Launch of the first U.S. manned space flight, May 1961.

© RIA NOVOSTI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Launch of the Soviet spacecraft,
Vostok I
, carrying Yuri Gagarin, April 1961.

© RIA NOVOSTI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Yuri Gagarin.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Gemini rendezvous:
Gemini VI
spacecraft photographed from
Gemini VII
, December 1965.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Gemini VII
spacecraft photographed from
Gemini VI
, December 1965.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Extravehicular activity (EVA)—astronaut emerging from command module.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Footprint of Neil Armstrong's first step on the Moon, July 21, 1969.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Apollo II
astronaut Buzz Aldrin walking on the moon.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Apollo 15
astronaut James B. Irwin and lunar rover, July 1971.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Space shuttle simulator cockpit, 1999.

© NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

First space shuttle launch, 1981. The shuttle was called
Columbia
.

BOOK: George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt
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