God and the Folly of Faith: The Incompatibility of Science and Religion (44 page)

29
. Roger Penrose,
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe
(London: Jonathan Cape, 2004), p. 13.

30
. However, both Penrose and Nobel laureate physicist Steven Weinberg have admitted they are Platonists, at least in some sense of the term.

31
. Eugene O'Connor, trans.,
The Essential Epicurus: Letters, Principle Doctrines, Vatican Sayings, and Fragments
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993).

32
. Stephen Greenblatt, “The Answer Man: An Ancient Poem Was Rediscovered and the World Swerved,”
New Yorker
(August 8, 2011): 28–33.

33
. Stephen Greenblatt,
The Swerve: How the World Became Modern
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).

34
. As quoted in Greenblatt, “The Answer Man.”

35
. Alison Brown,
The Return of Lucretius to Renaissance Florence
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).

36
. Greenblatt, “The Answer Man.”

37
. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science
, p. 77.

38
. Sedley,
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, p. 134.

39
. Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow,
The Grand Design
(New York: Bantam Books, 2010).

40
. Sedley,
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, pp. 136–8.

41
. As translated by Sedley,
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, p. 143.

42
. Richard R. LaCroix, “Unjustified Evil and God's Choice,”
Sophia
13, no. 1 (1974): 20–28.

43
. Nicholas Everitt, “The Argument from Imperfection: A New Proof of the Nonexistence of God,”
Philo
9, no. 2 (2006): 113–30.

44
. As translated by Sedley,
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, p. 144.

45
. James T. Cushing,
Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Historical Relation between Philosophy and Scientific Theories
(Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 4.

46
. Sedley,
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, p. 170.

47
.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
, “Aristotle (384–322 BCE),”
http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/
(accessed January 30, 2011).

48
. As translated by Sedley in
Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity
, p. 195.

49
. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science
, pp. 148–50.

50
. Ibid., p. 133.

51
. S. P. Scott,
History of the Moorish Empire in Europe
(Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1904), vol. 3, pp. 461–2.

52
. Jim al-Khalili,
The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance
(New York: Penguin, 2011), p. 208.

53
. Lucretius,
De Rerum Natura
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 87–93 and 177–81.

54
. Richard Carrier, “Attitudes Toward the Natural Philosopher in the Early Roman Empire (100 BC to 313 AD)” (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 2008), p. 323.

55
. Vern L. Bullough, “Science and Religion in Historical Perspective,” in
Science and Religion: Are They Compatible?
ed. Paul Kurtz (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003), pp. 129–38.

56
. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science
, p. 133.

3. THE REBIRTH AND TRIUMPH OF SCIENCE

1
. Benjamin Silliman, “Address before the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, Assembled in Boston, April 24, 1842,”
American Journal of Science
43 (1842): 217–50.

2
. James Read Eckard, “The Logical Relations of Religion and Natural Science,”
Biblical Reporatory and Princeton Review
32 (1860): 577–608.

3
. David C. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to AD 1450
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 166–70.

4
. Reviel Netz and William Noel,
The Archimedes Codex: How a Medieval Prayer Book Is Revealing the True Genius of Antiquity's Greatest Scientist
(Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press, 2007).

5
. Ibid., p. 181.

6
. Ibid., p. 177.

7
. Jim al-Khalili,
The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance
(New York: Penguin, 2011).

8
. Ibid., p. xxviii.

9
. Quoted in Eric John Holmyard,
Makers of Chemistry
(Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1931).

10
. Edward Grant,
Science and Religion, 400 BC to AD 1550: From Aristotle to Copernicus
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004).

11
. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science
, p. 201.

12
. Ibid., pp. 194–96.

13
. Ibid., p. 210.

14
. al-Khalili,
The House of Wisdom
, pp. 232–34.

15
. Ibid., pp. 243–44.

16
. Taner Edis,
An Illusion of Harmony: Science and Religion in Islam
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007).

17
. al-Khalili,
The House of Wisdom
, p. 246.

18
. Ibid., p. 247.

19
. Ibid., p. 221.

20
. Ibid., pp. 223–24.

21
. Ibid., pp. 226–28.

22
. Ibid., pp. 229–30.

23
. William Lane Craig and James D. Sinclair, “The
Kalâm
Cosmological Argument,” in
The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology
, ed. William Lane Craig and James Porter Moreland (Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), pp. 101–201.

24
. Lindberg,
The Beginnings of Western Science
, pp. 233–34.

25
. Ibid., pp. 236.

26
. Ibid., p. 244.

27
. Ibid., p. 246.

28
. Ibid., p. 248.

29
. Ibid., pp. 250–253.

30
. Ian G. Barbour,
Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues
(San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997), pp. 4–17.

31
. Victor J. Stenger,
Quantum Gods: Creation, Chaos, and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009).

32
. James Hannam,
God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science
(London: Icon, 2009).

33
. Ian Sample, “Stephen Hawking: ‘There's No Heaven; It's a Fairy Story,’”
Guardian
(May 16, 2011).

34
. Cardinal Paul Poupard, ed.
Galileo Galilei: Toward a Resolution of 350 Years of Debate, 1633
–
1983
(Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 1987).

35
. Edward Rosen, “Calvin's Attitude Toward Copernicus,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
(July 1960): 431.

36
. Thomas Dixon,
Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 31.

37
. Ibid.

38
. As quoted in Michael J. Crowe,
Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution
, 2nd rev. ed. (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2001), pp. 74–75.

39
. P. B. Scheurer and G. Debrock,
Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy
(Dordrecht, Netherlands; Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1988), p. 28.

40
. Barbour,
Religion and Science
, p. 23.

41
. Ibid.

42
. Roger Hahn, “Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe,” in
God and Nature
, ed. David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986).

43
. Richard C. Vitzthum,
Materialism: An Affirmative History and Definition
(Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995).

44
. Barbour,
Religion and Science
, pp. 34–39.

45
. Philipp Blom,
A Wicked Company: The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment
(New York: Basic Books, 2010), pp. 32–33.

46
. Julien O. de La Mettrie,
L'Homme Machine
(Lyde: 1748). An English translation can be found at a University of Michigan website,
http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/LaMettrie/Machine/
(accessed December 9, 2010).

47
. Ibid., p. 34.

48
. Vitzthum,
Materialism
, pp. 66–103.

49
. Blom,
A Wicked Company
.

50
. Barbour,
Religion and Science
, p. 36, as stated by Dampier in William C. Dampier's
A History of Science and Its Relations with Philosophy and Religion
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 4th ed., 1948), p. 196. [First ed. 1930].

51
. Barbour,
Religion and Science
, p. 40.

52
. For a good summary, see “Locke, Science, Morality, and Knowledge,” on the Oregon State University website at
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/distance_arc/locke/locke-science-lec.html
(accessed December 9, 2010).

53
. Barbour,
Religion and Science
, p. 44.

54
. Ibid., p. 45.

55
. Michael Shermer,
How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science
(New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000), p. 78.

56
. See, for example, Richard Swinburne and Alan G. Padgett,
Reason and the Christian Religion: Essays in Honour of Richard Swinburne
(Oxford, UK; New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1994); William Lane Craig,
Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics
(Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1994).

57
. Stephen Jay Gould,
Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life
(New York: Ballantine, 1999).

58
. See, for example, Hannam,
God's Philosophers.

59
. Robert J. Hutchinson,
The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Bible
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2007), p. 139.

60
. Alvin J. Schmidt,
How Christianity Changed the World
(Zondervan, 2004), p. 222.

61
. Richard Carrier, “Christianity Was Not Responsible for Modern Science,” in
The Christian Delusion: Why Faith Fails
, ed. John Loftus (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2010), pp. 396–419.

62
. Ibid., p. 397.

63
. Ibid., p. 414.

4. DARWIN, DESIGN, AND DEITY

1
. Charles Darwin, manuscript outline for
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(London: J. Murray, 1859).

2
. Ronald L. Numbers, “Aggressors, Victims, and Peacemakers: Historical Actors in the Drama of Science and Religion,” in
The Science and Religion Debate: Why Does It Continue?
ed. Harold W. Attridge (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 15–53.

3
. William Paley,
Natural Theology
(London: Printed for R. Faulder by Wilks and Taylor, 1802).

4
. Darwin,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
.

5
. Charles Lyell and G. P. Deshayes,
Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation
(London: J. Murray, 1830).

6
. Michael Shermer,
In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History
(Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

7
. Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
(New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1871).

8
. Letter to Miss Gerard from Adam Sedgwick, January 2, 1860, in
The Life and Letters of the Rev. Adam Sedgwick
, vol. 2 (1890), pp. 359–60.

9
. Philip C. England et al., “Kelvin, Perry, and the Age of the Earth,”
American Scientist
95 (2007): 342–49. Online at
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/EART_206/09-0108/Supplemental/Englandpercent20etpercent2007percent20AmScipercent2095-342.pdf
(accessed December 18, 2010).