God's Chinese Son (61 page)
19.
Zhong, "Taiping jun daqi," 246-47; see also
Taiping Tianguo shige qiantan,
13-17,
50.
20.
TR,
146, modified following
Banxing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
5b.
21.
TR,
148, modified following
Banxing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
7b.
22.
TR,
146-47, modified following
Banxzing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
6.
23.
TR,
145-46, modified following
Banxing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
4b-5.
24.
TR,
147;
Banxing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
6b; Wilhelm / Baynes,
I-Ching,
9. For parallel slogans on early Taiping banners, see Zhong, "Taiping jun daqi," 244-45.
25.
TR,
151;
Banxing zhaoshu,
in
Yinshu,
10b.
26.
Curwen,
Deposition,
84; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 166.
27.
Curwen,
Deposition,
84, 188 n. 65; Laai, "Pirates," 261.
28.
Wang, "Renzi ernian," 164-69; Guo Tingyi,
Shishi,
186-92; Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
98. With Xiao's death following Feng's, the subordinate kings have been reduced from five to three; though this news is surely known to all inside the Taiping ranks, Hong regularly issues decrees in the dead kings' names. The Qing learn the news when captured Taiping prisoners reveal the location of Xiao's grave to their Qing inquisitors and his corpse is disinterred, dismembered, and defaced. See Cheng,
Taiping Rebellion,
31.
29.
Wang, "Renzi ernian," 170.
30.
See ibid., 172, for calculations.
31.
Eminent Chinese,
537;
Qingshi liezhuan,
45:24.
32.
Qingshi liezhuan,
45:25b—26.
33.
Laai, "Pirates," 262; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 179-82, on Shi Dakai; Guo Yisheng,
Ditu,
55.
34.
Curwen,
Deposition,
189, 191, discusses these techniques at various sieges; Wang, "Renzi ernian," 182-83.
35.
Curwen,
Deposition,
189.
36.
This seems to be the ex-pirate Luo Dagang's idea coordinated with those of Yang Xiuqing, the East King. Laai, "Pirates," 241-42, 263.
37.
TR,
421-22.
38.
TR,
423-24.
39.
TR,
421, slightly modified from
Xingjun zongyao,
in
Yinshu,
5.
40.
Li Xiucheng in Curwen,
Deposition,
83, talks of villagers lost one hundred
li
from home.
41.
TR,
417-18, slightly modified from
Xingjun zongyao,
in
Yinshu,
1.
42.
TR,
391-92.
43.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
100-102; Laai, "Pirates," 264-68.
44.
Chen Huiyan,
Wuchang jishi,
587-90.
45.
Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 49-50; Chen Huiyan,
Wuchang jishi,
593-96.
46.
Cheng,
Taiping Rebellion,
27-30.
47.
Laai, "Pirates," 268-69.
48.
Curwen,
Deposition,
193-94 n. 86.
49.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
108-12.
50.
TR,
185-86.
51.
TR,
183-84, slightly modified and titles translated.
52.
Rait,
Gough,
1:278-79; Davis,
China during the War,
1:289.
53.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
116-18, 124; Zhang Runan
Jinling,
692-705; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 58-62.
Chapter 13: The Earthly Paradise
1
.TR,
314-15, 320, and
Tianchao tianmou,
in
Yinshu,
2b-3, 7b. Bohr, "Eschatology," 219-66, discusses the Nanjing early years of the Taiping as a "theocratic millennium." Bohr emphasizes the importance of Hong's biblical commentaries at this time, though 1 see their composition and influence as coming later in the Taiping, after the death of Yang Xiuqing.
2.
TR,
314-15;
Tianchao tianmou, Yinshu,
2b-3. Kuhn, "Taiping Rebellion," 279, points out the "perplexing problem" that the land regulations never discuss "the idea of periodic reallocation of land."
3.
TR,
314-15.
4.
TR,
320;
Tianchao tianmou,
in
Yinshu,
8.
5.
TR,
318-19.
6.
Xi
e., Jinling guijia,
651; Zhang Runan,
Jinling,
695.
7.
TR,
564—65. The originals of some other household registration sheets are preserved in the Jen Yu-wen Collection.
8.
TR,
566-69.
9.
Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 199-200; Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 50-52.
10.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
121-22, on the Hankou merchant Wu Fucheng; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 76—77, discusses women's dress and makeup.
11.
TR,
448-50; Chin,
Shiliao,
130-31; Jen Yu-wen Collection.
12.
See Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 87-90.
13.
Alexander Wylie, report of 1859, cited in Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
220.
14.
Report by Xavier Maresca, in Mercier,
Cassini,
268-69; on disorder, see Withers, "Heavenly Capital" 53-54.
15.
Report of Xavier Maresca, in Mercier,
Cassini,
269-72.
16.
By an even more ironic decision, the office of gunpowder manufacture is placed in the former temple to Guandi, Goddess of Mercy. Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 104, 107-8; Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
126; Qi, "Taiping Tianguo wenshu," and Wang Qingcheng, "Guanyu zhizhun banxing," discuss problems of printing and dispersion.
17.
Despite the appearance of the Old Testament,
Jiuyizhao shengshu,
in some Taiping indexes of 1852, Wang Qingcheng argues firmly for the 1853 date—"Guanyu zhizhun banxing," esp. 190 and 196-97. For variants in the early edition, see Xia,
Zongjiao,
91 n. 2;
TR,
221, citing
NCH,
July 16, 1853.
18.
See British Museum edition,
Jiuyi jiaoshengshu,
and ibid.,
Yinshu,
24; Xia,
Zongjiao,
96-97. Though the theological issue is more complex than Hong thought, given the fact that Moab descended from Lot, and Ruth (wife of Boaz) was a Moabitc. I am grateful to George Doramajian for this valuable gloss.
19.
On numbers of printers, see Fishbourne,
Impressions,
391, for the 400 figure, and Taylor,
Five Years,
369-70, for 600 and on Matthew;
TR,
222-24.
20.
Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
165-66; Guo Yisheng,
Ditu,
67, 73.
21
.TR,
253, slightly modified by
Jian Tianjing yu Jinling lun,
in
Yinshu,
1; other references are in
TR,
254-76.
22.
TR,
296, 307.
23.
TR,
298-99. Three examples of wooden Taiping seals are preserved in the Jen Yu- wen Collection.
24.
TR,
305, 307.
25.
"Qianshan sheng." TR,
277-78;
Bian yaoxue,
in
Yinshu,
1.
26.
TR,
289, 291.
27.
TR,
291;
Bian yaoxue,
in
Yinshu,
9b; and
TR,
252, on degree.
28.
Shi, "Zaozi yu gaizi," 157, 159.
29.
Ibid., 157.
30.
Ibid., 158-59.
31.
Ibid., 157; on pp. 151-55 Shi analyzes 78 Taiping words in two basic categories: 22 new coinages and 56 substitutions; on p. 160 he adds 9 marginal variants. For Taiping period lists, see Zhang Runan,
Jinling,
718, 722; Zhang Dejian,
Zeqing,
242-44;
Oinding jing bi ziyang;
Xie,
Jinling,
654; also see Luo Ergang, "Jingji kao," 27-28. For British queries in 1854 on the reasoning behind some of these taboos, see Gregory,
Great Britain,
182.
32.
TR,
394, 396.
33.
TR,
458.
34.
TR,
580; Zhang Dejian,
Zeqing,
231.
35.
TR,
457.
36.
TR,
563, citing Guo Tingyi,
Shishi,
1:232; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 105-6, 108.
37.
Zhang Runan,
Jinling,
695.
38.
Ibid., 716; Zhao, "Chengshi zhengce," 50, 52-53.
39.
TR,
474, for poison plot; 473, for planned uprising.
40.
TR,
451, minor changes.
41.
See Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
139-40, and the couplets in
TR,
548-55.
42.
TR,
452; Zhang Dejian,
Zeqing,
204.
43.
TR,
466.
44.
466; Chin,
Shiliao,
133.
45.
As with the three doctors in Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
185. See also the discussion and references in Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 108-10.
46.
Guo Yisheng,
Ditu,
59-64;
TR,
533, and Zhang Runan,
Jinling,
705-6.
47.
For palace information, see
TR,
459, 487; Zhang Runan,
fin ling,
705, 706, on Hong and Yang residences; Taiping art is collected in
Taiping Tianguo yishu;
see also the analysis by Audrey Spiro in her "Paintings of the Heavenly Kingdom."
48.
Zhang Runan,
Jinling,
710; Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
130; Withers, "Heavenly Capital," 174.
49.
Taylor,
Five Years,
341-42, on Zhenjiang in June 1853;
TR,
578-79, on stakes; Zhang Dejian,
Zeqing,
134-36, has vivid illustrations of the spikes and palisades.
50.
TR,
436, from
Xingjun zongyao.
51.
Yuzhi qianzi zhao,
in
Yinshu,
1-2;
TR,
409.
52.
TR,
415, modified following
Yuzhi qianzi zhao,
in
Yinshu,
13b—14.
Chapter 14: Three Ships
1.
Wong,
Calendar,
225, item 4;
BPP/
IUP, 12, 13, on the three ships; Mercier,
Cassini,
228, on Bonham's and
Hermes'
s arrival on March 21; ibid., 229, on
Susquehanna's
presence there; ibid., 222, on
Cassini'
s anchoring in Shanghai on March 15; ibid., 224, on Chinese requests that
Cassini
go to Nanjing, for March 17 and 19; p. 231 for April 5.
2.
Mercier,
Cassini, 229.
3.
Ibid., 231, 233.
4.
Ibid., 237.
5.
NCH,
April 2, 1853; Mercier,
Cassini,
245;
BPP
/ IUP, 24.
6.
NCH,
April 9, 1853.
7.
Mercier,
Cassini,
251, 254.
8.
Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
3—35, has a sampling of these sources.
9.
Ibid., 19-20, and Wylie,
Memorials,
95, both citing the
Chinese and General Missionary Gleaner.
10.
BPP
/IUP, 23.
11.
Ibid., 11, March 28, 1853.
12.
Ibid., 12-13; Gregory,
Great Britain,
15-24, for a summary of the mission; Mercier,
Cassini,
221, on Portuguese.
13.
BPP/
IUP, 15.
14.
Ibid., 26.
15.
Ibid., 26,28.
16.
Ibid., 40.
17.
Ibid., 34, 38.
18.
Ibid., 38.
19.
Ibid., 37.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Fishbourne,
Impressions,
141-44, 152, 154-55.
22.
See Meadows in
BPP
/ IUP, 45-54.
23.
BPP
/ IUP, 41-42; also cited in
TR,
515-17.
24.
BPP
/IUP, 42-43.
25.
Ibid., 32, 35.
26.
Ibid., 32, 54.
27.
NCH,
May 14, 1853.
28.
Wong,
Calendar,
228-29, items 23 and 26.
29.
Mercier,
Cassini,
17, 18.
30.
Ibid., 23-24, 29-30, 42-44, 52-53.
31.
Ibid., 229-31.
32.
BPP
/ IUP, 19-25, on defenses.
33.
Mercier,
Cassini,
320.
34.
Ibid., 318, 326, 328. That this continued to be a problem for the French is shown by the 1854 letter of Consul Edan to Alcock, March 19, 1854, stored in PRO/FO 671/2.
35.
Mercier,
Cassini,
222, 325, 366.
36.
Ibid., 258, 338-39.
37.
Ibid., 340-43.
38.
Clavelin, cited in Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
94.
39.
Ibid., 96.
40.
Ibid., 94-96.
41.
Ibid., 106-9.
42.
Ibid., 97. 43.Ibid.
44.
Ibid., 100; Jen,
Revolutionary Movement,
273-74.
45.
Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
101.
46.
Mercier,
Cassini,
356.
47.
Cited from French Foreign Ministry archives by Clarke and Gregory,
Reports,
90.
48.
Translated by the author from Mercier,
Cassini,
363-65.
49.
Ibid., 372-73.
50.
Ibid., 229.
51.
Tong,
Diplomacy,
122 n. 8, 126; Mercier,
Cassini,
246, 251.
52.
Mercier,
Cassini,
257, 294, 370; on Marshall and Perry see R. E. Johnson,
China Station,
63-66; Tong,
Diplomacy,
121-25.
53.
TR,
125.
54.
Teng Yuan Chung, "Roberts" 60; Wylie,
Memorials,
95.
55.
Teng Yuan Chung, "Roberts," 60.