Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India (77 page)

Segaon, Wardha,
10.1
,
10.2
.
See also
Sevagram village and ashram

Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)

Self-Respect League

“self-suffering
”

Seme, Pixley ka Isaka

Sen, Amartya

Servants of India Society,
6.1
,
6.2

Sevagram village and ashram (formerly Segaon, Wardha),
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
; Ambedkar’s visit to,
10.3
; construction of facilities,
10.4
; as contemporary tourist attraction,
10.5
; Gandhi’s arrival at,
10.6
; Gandhi’s disappointment with,
10.7

sexuality: Freudian philosophy and,
11.1
; Sanger’s conversation with Gandhi and,
10.1
; as viewed in Hinduism,
10.2
.
See also
celibacy vow

shamiana (open-sided tent)

Shankaranand, Swami

Shembe, Isaiah, called the Prophet

Shertok (later Sharett), Moshe

Shirer, William L.

Shiyali, Tamil Nadu, Gandhi’s anti-untouchability tour in

Shraddhanand, Swami (formerly known as Mahatma Munshi Ram),
6.1
,
7.1
; slaying of,
7.2
,
11.1
; Vaikom Satyagraha and,
7.3
,
7.4
,
7.5

shuddi (purification rituals),
2.1
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3

shudras

Sikhs,
7.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4

Sindi, village workers in,
10.1
,
10.2

Singh, Gurbachan

Sistine Chapel

Slade, Madeleine, renamed Mirabehn,
6.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
10.4

Small Is Beautiful
(Schumacher),
10.1

Smuts, Jan Christian,
1.1
,
3.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
4.5
,
4.6
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
10.1
,
12.1
; head tax on indentured Indians and,
4.7
,
4.8
,
5.3
,
5.4
,
5.5
,
5.6
; satyagraha campaign of 1913 and,
5.7
,
5.8
,
7.1
,
12.2
; white miners’ strike and,
5.9
,
5.10

social class.
See
class distinctions

Socialists,
9.1
,
9.2

Soorzai (indentured Indian)

South Africa,
1.1
,
12.1
; anti-Indian laws and regulations in (
see
anti-Indian laws and regulations, South African); black majority in (
see
black South Africans); chronology of Gandhi’s years in,
12.2
; colonial rule in,
1.2
,
1.3
; Gandhi’s departure from,
1.4
,
2.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
5.4
; Gandhi’s farewell letter to Indians in,
5.5
,
5.6
; Gandhi’s farewell tour of,
5.7
,
5.8
; Gandhi’s first days in,
1.5
; Gandhi’s racial encounters in,
1.6
,
1.7
,
12.3
; Hindu-Muslim relations in,
1.8
,
4.3
,
12.4
; monuments to Gandhi in,
1.9
; Muslim community in,
1.10
; satyagraha in (
see
satyagraha; satyagraha campaign of 1913); sovereign statehood of,
1.11
,
1.12
,
4.4
,
4.5
; states or territories in,
1.13
.
See also
Natal; Transvaal

South African Indian Congress,
3.1
,
3.2

South African Mounted Rifles

South African Native National Congress (later African National Congress)

South African Republic,
1.1
,
1.2
,
3.1

spinning,
7.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4
; boycott and burning of foreign cloth and,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
7.2
,
8.2
; by Gandhi himself,
6.4
,
12.5
,
12.6
,
12.7
; Gandhi’s vision of swadeshi (self-reliance) and,
6.5
,
6.6
,
7.3
,
9.4
,
10.3
; Gandhi’s wearing of loincloth and,
6.7
,
6.8
; as requirement for Congress membership,
7.4
,
8.3
,
8.4
; Tagore’s critique of Gandhi’s campaign for,
6.9

Spion Kop, battle of (1900)

Srirampur, Noakhali,
11.1
,
11.2
; description of,
11.3
; Gandhi’s dwelling in,
11.4
,
11.5
; Hindu population of,
11.6
,
11.7
,
11.8
; Manu summoned to,
11.9
; Nehru’s visit to,
11.10
,
11.11

Stansfield, Lieutenant

Star
(Johannesburg),
2.1
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3

strikes: national, in India (1919),
6.1
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
12.1
; of South Africa’s white workers (1913),
5.1
,
5.2

suffragettes,
1.1
,
5.1

sugar plantations and refineries, satyagraha campaign of 1913 spread to,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3

Suhrawardy, Shaheed,
1.1
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
11.3
,
11.4
; blocked payment to Pakistan and,
12.1
; Gandhi’s peacekeeping mission in Calcutta and,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4
,
12.5
,
12.6
; plan for united Bengal and,
12.7

Suhrud, Tridip

suicides, among indebted cotton farmers of Wardha

Sunni Islam

swadeshi (self-reliance),
6.1
,
6.2
,
7.1
,
9.1
,
10.1

Swan, Maureen,
1.1
,
5.1

swaraj (self-rule),
fm.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
6.4
,
6.5
,
6.6
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
12.1
,
12.2
; four “pillars” of,
6.7
,
8.2
,
10.4
,
11.1
; as permanent, ever-receding goal,
6.8
; time frames for,
6.9
,
6.10
,
6.11
,
8.3
.
See also
independence movement

Swarajists

Syrian Christians,
7.1
,
10.1

tabligh (Muslim proselytizing efforts)

Tablighi Jamaat, called Tabligh (Society for the Propagation of the Muslim Faith)

Tagore, Rabindranath,
1.1
,
6.1
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
11.1
,
12.1

Talbot, Phillips,
11.1
,
11.2
,
12.1

Tambo, Oliver

Tamil Benefit Society,
1.1
,
12.1

Tamils,
1.1
,
2.1
,
4.1
,
5.1
,
5.2
,
5.3
,
12.1
,
12.2

taxes,
2.1
; satyagraha campaign in Gujarat’s Kheda district and,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
12.1
.
See also
head taxes

temple-entry issues,
2.1
,
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
7.4
,
7.5
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
10.1
,
10.2
; Ambedkar and,
8.3
,
8.4
,
9.5
,
9.6
,
10.3
; Gandhi’s lack of success with,
10.4
.
See also
Vaikom Satyagraha

Tendulkar, D. G.

terrorism,
3.1
,
6.1
; expansion of colonial powers and,
6.2
,
6.3

Thakkar, A. V., called Thakkar Bapa,
6.1
,
11.1

Theosophy,
1.1
,
2.1
,
4.1

third-class train travel

Thiruvarppu, clash of Ezhavas with caste Hindus at (1926)

Thoreau, Henry David

Times
(London),
9.1

“
Times” History of the War in South Africa
,
2.1

Times of India
,
7.1
,
9.1

Tiyyas

Tolstoy, Leo,
1.1
,
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3
,
2.4
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
5.1
,
10.1
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2

Tolstoy Farm (southwest of Johannesburg),
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
6.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
; abandonment of,
4.5
,
4.6
,
4.7
; black South Africans at,
3.1
; contemporary state of,
4.8
; Gandhi’s retreat to (1910–12),
4.9
,
4.10
,
4.11
,
5.1
,
6.2
,
10.4
; indentured Indian pilgrims’ march to,
5.2
; mission of,
4.12
; school at,
4.13
,
4.14

“To My Numerous Muslim Friends” (Gandhi)

Tory Party (Great Britain),
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
9.1

trains: racial incident of 1893 and,
1.1
,
1.2
,
2.1
; strike of white railway men and (1913),
5.1
; third-class compartments on,
2.2

Transvaal,
1.1
,
3.1
,
4.1
; chosen as Gandhi’s base,
4.2
; citizenship rights off limits to Indians in,
1.2
; Gandhi ordered to leave,
12.1
; Gandhi’s departure from (1913),
3.2
,
4.3
; immigration law in,
3.3
,
4.4
,
4.5
,
12.2
; registration issue in,
1.3
,
1.4
,
1.5
,
3.4
,
3.5
,
3.6
,
4.6
,
4.7
,
5.1
,
12.3
.
See also
Johannesburg

Transvaal Advertiser
,
1.1

Transvaal British Indian Association

Transvaal Leader
,
5.1
,
5.2

Travancore,
7.1
,
7.2
; Gandhi’s tour of (1937),
10.1
; Gandhi’s visit to (1925),
7.3
; maharajahs of,
7.4
,
7.5
,
10.2
; maharani of,
7.6
,
7.7
; mass conversion of Ezhavas in,
10.3
; temples thrown open to any manner of Hindu in,
7.8
,
10.4
.
See also
Vaikom, Shiva temple at; Vaikom Satyagraha

“Treaty of Separation
”

Turkey,
6.1
,
7.1
.
See also
Ottoman caliphate

Uka (untouchable),
2.1
,
2.2
,
2.3

Union of South Africa: Anglo-Afrikaner relations and,
5.1
; creation of,
1.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
; inequality as basis of,
5.2

United Nations

Unto This Last
(Ruskin),
4.1
,
12.1

Untouchability Committee (Kerala)
.
See also
Vaikom Satyagraha

untouchables, untouchability,
2.1
,
4.1
,
8.1
,
12.1
; abolished in 1950 constitution,
9.1
; Ambedkar’s campaigns on behalf of,
7.1
,
8.2
,
9.2
; Ambedkar’s vs. Gandhi’s views on predicament of,
10.1
; Bhangis (sweepers),
2.2
,
2.3
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
12.4
; Bihar earthquake as “divine chastisement” for,
9.5
; British officials’ reports on rallies against,
9.6
,
9.7
,
9.8
,
9.9
; caste Hindus dispossessed in communal violence lectured on,
11.1
; childhood lessons in distancing and,
2.4
; colonial taxonomy and,
2.5
; conversion to Buddhism and,
8.3
,
10.2
; conversion to Christianity and,
2.6
; conversion to Islam and,
2.7
,
2.8
,
7.2
,
11.2
; cottage industries as salvation for,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
9.10
,
10.3
,
10.4
,
10.5
,
12.5
; daughter adopted by Gandhi (Lakshmi),
2.9
,
6.4
; effective mobilization of,
9.11
,
9.12
,
9.13
; feces removal and,
2.10
,
2.11
,
2.12
,
2.13
,
6.5
,
10.6
; Gandhi criticized for inconsistent commitment to,
7.3
,
7.4
,
8.4
,
9.14
; Gandhi’s anti-untouchability tour of 1933–34 and,
9.15
,
9.16
,
9.17
,
10.7
,
12.6
; Gandhi’s campaign in India against oppression of,
6.6
,
6.7
,
6.8
,
6.9
,
6.10
,
6.11
,
7.5
,
7.6
,
8.5
,
9.18
,
12.7
; Gandhi’s condescending tone and,
1.1
,
7.7
,
8.6
,
10.8
; Gandhi’s disappointment in struggle against,
10.9
; Gandhi’s “fast unto death” and,
9.19
,
9.20
,
12.8
; Gandhi’s fundraising for,
9.21
; Gandhi’s ideas of social equality and,
1.2
,
2.14
,
7.8
; Gandhi’s personal experiences with,
2.15
,
2.16
,
2.17
,
2.18
,
7.9
; Gandhi’s walking tour of Noakhali and,
11.3
; “Harijans” as term for,
1.3
,
8.7
,
9.22
,
9.23
,
12.9
; higher-caste reformers and,
2.19
,
2.20
; Hindu-Muslim relations and,
2.21
,
7.10
,
7.11
,
10.10
,
11.4
; imprisonment of other castes with,
3.1
; independence movement and,
7.12
,
7.13
,
7.14
,
8.8
,
8.9
,
9.24
,
9.25
,
9.26
; intercaste marriages and,
2.22
,
7.15
,
7.16
,
9.27
; intricacies of caste as practiced in Kerala and,
7.17
; Kasturba Gandhi’s feelings about,
2.23
,
6.12
,
6.13
; last mention of, in South African newspaper,
2.24
; legislative representation of,
8.10
,
8.11
,
8.12
,
8.13
,
9.28
,
9.29
,
12.10
; overlap between indentured servants and,
1.4
,
5.1
,
6.14
; persistence of discrimination against, at end of Gandhi’s life,
1.5
; pollution notions and,
2.25
,
2.26
,
2.27
,
7.18
,
7.19
,
7.20
,
7.21
,
8.14
,
10.11
; potential uprising of,
9.30
; poverty and,
2.28
; practiced by untouchables toward other untouchable groups,
2.29
; purification rituals and,
2.30
,
2.31
,
7.22
,
7.23
,
7.24
,
7.25
,
7.26
; residing at Gandhi’s ashram,
6.15
; rigid and oppressive practice of, in Indian villages,
2.32
,
7.27
; Round Table Conference of 1931 and,
8.15
,
8.16
,
8.17
; satyagraha campaign and,
7.28
(
see also
Vaikom Satyagraha); Shraddhanand’s pleadings on behalf of,
7.29
,
7.30
,
7.31
; strictures of, applied to blacks,
3.2
; temple-entry issues and (
see
temple-entry issues); unapproachability and unseeability notions and,
7.32
,
7.33
; uplifted into Hindu fold,
2.33
,
7.34
,
7.35
; urged to leave Hinduism,
9.31
,
9.32
; village self-sufficiency and,
9.33
,
10.12
,
10.13
,
10.14
,
12.11
,
12.12
(
see also
All India Village Industries Association).
See also
caste discrimination; Dalits