Hitler and the Nazi Darwinian Worldview (19 page)

12
Joseph Tenenbaum,
Race and Reich
(New York: Twayne, 1956), 211.

13
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 53.

14
Daniel Gasman,
The Scientific Origin of National Socialism
(New York: American Elsevier, 1971), xiv.

15
Sheila Faith Weiss,
Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Aycoberry,
The Nazi Question
.

16
Haeckel,
The History of Creation
, 434.

17
Haeckel,
The History of Creation
, 332.

18
Haeckel,
The History of Creation
, 321.

19
Tenenbaum,
Race and Reich
, 211–212 .

20
Weikart, “The Impact of Social Darwinism,” 110.

21
Beate Wilder-Smith,
The Day Nazi Germany Died: An Eyewitness Account of the Russian and Allied Invasion of Germany
(San Diego: Master Books, 1982), 27.

22
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 51.

23
Eberhard Jäckel,
Hitler’s Weltanschauung
(Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1972).

24
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 56.

25
Robert N. Proctor,
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 291.

26
Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).

27
Proctor,
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
, 291.

28
Karl A. Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy toward German Jews, 1933–1939
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970); Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(New York: Scholow Press, 1981).

29
Stephen Jay Gould,
Ontogeny and Phylogeny
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 127.

30
Earnest Albert Hooton,
Why Men Behave Like Apes and Vice Versa; or, Body and Behavior
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941).

31
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
.

32
Edwin G. Conklin,
The Direction of Human Evolution
(New York: Scribner’s, 1921), 34, 53.

33
Harry Bruinius,
Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America’s Quest for Racial Purity
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

34
Chase,
The Legacy of Malthus
, 343.

35
Proctor,
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
, 40.

36
Edwin Black,
War against the Weak: Eugenics and American’s Campaign to Create a Master Race
(New York: Four Walls Eight Windows Press, 2003).

37
Daniel J. Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity
(New York: Knopf, 1985), 116.

38
Stefan Kühl,
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

39
Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 118.

40
Kühl,
The Nazi Connection
; William Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815–1859
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).

41
Weikart, “The Impact of Social Darwinism”; Ruth Lewin Sime,
Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)

42
Beyerchen,
Scientists under Hitler
.

43
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
.

44
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
, 33.

45
Bryan Mark Rigg,
Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military
(Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2002).

46
Rigg,
Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers
, 78.

47
Greta Jones,
Social Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction between Biological and Social Theory
(Atlantic Highlands: The Humanities Press, 1980), 168.

48
Black,
War against the Weak
.

49
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
, 31–32.

50
Leon Poliakov,
The Aryan Myth
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996).

51
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
, 32.

52
Cited in Chase,
The Legacy of Malthus
, 349.

53
James King,
The Biology of Race
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 156.

54
John S. Haller, Jr., O
utcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859–1900
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971).

55
Cited in Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 91.

56
Nancy L. Gallagher,
Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State
(Hanover: University of New England Press, 1999).

57
Chase,
The Legacy of Malthus
.

58
Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 101.

59
Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, 360.

60
Joachim C. Fest,
The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership
(New York: Pantheon, 1970), 99–100.

61
George L. Mosse,
Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural, and Social Life in the Third Reich
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 57.

62
Mosse,
Nazi Culture
, 57.

63
Mosse,
Nazi Culture
, 58.

64
Stephen Murdoch,
IQ: A Smart History of a Failed Idea
(New York: Wiley, 2007), 119–138; Marc Hillel and Clarissa Henry,
Of Pure Blood
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976).

65
Poliakov,
The Aryan Myth
, 282.

66
Frederic Wertham,
A Sign for Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence
(New York: Macmillan, 1966); Chase,
The Legacy of Malthus
.

67
Stanton,
The Leopard’s Spots
.

68
Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics.

69
Wertham,
A Sign for Cain
, 160.

70
Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz
, 31.

71
Jäckel,
Hitler’s Weltanschauung
.

72
Robert Clark,
Darwin: Before and After
(Grand Rapids: Grand Rapids International Press, 1958), 115–116.

73
Norman Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1973).

74
Albert Edward Wiggam,
The New Dialogue of Science
(Garden City: Garden City Publishing Co, 1922), 102.

75
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 56.

76
Gerald L. Posner and John Ware,
Mengele: The Complete Story
(New York: McGraw Hill, 1986).

77
Paul Crook,
Darwinism, War and History
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

78
Weikart,
Hitler’s Ethic
.

79
Ellis Washington, “Nuremberg Project: Social Darwinism in Nazi Family and Inheritance Law,”
Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
(Fall 2011).

80
Peter J. Haas, “Nineteenth Century Science and the Formation of the Nazi Policy.”
Journal of Theology
99 (1995): 6–30.

81
Fest,
The Face of the Third Reich
, 99.

82
Höss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
,
110.

83
Erik Nordenskjöld,
The History of Biology
, trans. Leonard Bucknell Eyre (New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1935), 522.

84
Nordenskjöld,
The History of Biology
, 522.

85
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 50.

86
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 50.

87
David Hull, “Uncle Sam Wants You. A review from the book
Mystery of Mysteries: Is Evolution a Social Construction?
by Michael Ruse,”
Science
284 (1999): 1131–1132.

88
Weikart,
From Darwin to Hitler
.

89
Benno Müller-Hill,
Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany, 1933–1945
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).

90
For example, see Paul Gray, “Cursed by Eugenics,”
Time
(January 11, 1999): 84–85.

91
Jones,
Social Darwinism and English Thought
.

92
Wertham,
A Sign for Cain
.

93
Quirin Schiermeier, “Dispute Erupts over Nazi Research Claims,”
Nature,
Vol. 398, No. 6725 (March 25, 1999): 274.

94
Stein, “Biological Science and the Roots of Nazism,” 50–58; Wertham,
A Sign for Cain
, 158.

95
Haeckel,
The Wonders of Life
, 118–119.