Hitler's Foreign Executioners (77 page)

27
   Tomasevich, p. 593.

28
   Burleigh (2006), pp. 263–4.

29
   Tomasevich, pp. 212–3, 593. My italics.

30
   DGFP, 12: 979 NARA T–120, Roll 5797.

31
   Browning, ‘The Wehrmacht in Serbia Revisited’, in Bartov (2002), p. 36.

32
   Hilgruber,
Staatsmanner und Diplomaten bei Hitler
(Frankfurt a.m., 1967), p. 611.

33
   Quoted in Steinberg (1990), p. 30.

34
   C. Falconi,
The Silence of Pius XII
(1970).

35
   BA-MA Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber (AOK 12), RH20 12/153.

36
   See Vladimier Dedijer,
Jasenovac: das jugoslawische Auschwitz und der Vatikan
(Freiburg, 1989).

37
   Vladko Malek,
In the Struggle for Freedom
, (1957), quoted by Steinberg.

38
   
http://public.carnet.hr/sakic/hinanews/arhiva/9904/hina-15-g.html

39
   
http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/wansee-transcript.html

40
   Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD to Reichsführer-SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Berlin, 17 February 1942). Many other German reports are referenced in Hory, L. & Broszat, M., ‘Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941–1945’,
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, No 8; Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1964.

41
   29 June 1941, BAK R70 SU32.

3  Night of the Vampires

  
1
   K. Reddemann (ed.),
Zwischen Front und Heimat: Der Briefwechsel des münsterischen Ehepaares Agnes und Albert Neuhas, 1940–1944
(Münster, 1996), quoted in Evans (2008), p. 179.

  
2
   Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust (RICHR) submitted to President Ion Iliescu in Bucharest on 11 November 2004.

  
3
   Randolph L. Braham,
Romanian Nationalists and the Holocaust: the Political Exploitation of Unfounded Rescue Accounts
(New York, 1998).

  
4
   Ioanid (2000), p. 17.

  
5
   Quoted in Ioanid,
Sword of the Archangel
(1990), p. 83.

  
6
   Butnaru (1992), p. 45.

  
7
   Ioanid,
The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania
(London, 1998).

  
8
   Quoted in Payne (1995), p. 282.

  
9
   Reproduced in ‘Charisma, Religion and Ideology: Romania’s Inter war Legion of the Archangel Michael’ by Constantin Iordachi, in
Ideologies and National Identities
(Budapest, New York, 2003), p. 33.

10
   Quoted in Butnaru (1992), pp. 49–50.

11
   Sebastian, p. 59.

12
   Quoted in Deletant (2006), p. 35.

13
   Deletant (2006), p. 48ff.

14
   DGFP, Vol. XI, No 205, p. 5058.

15
   Quoted in Butnaru (1992), p. 74.

16
   For an insider’s view see Wilhelm Höttl,
The Secret Front: The Story of Nazi Political Espionage
(London, 1953).

17
   Matatias Carp, ‘Cartea neagră: Suferintele Evreilor din Romania, 1940–1944’, Vol. 1,
Legionarii si Rebeliunea
(Bucharest: Editura Diogene, 1996), pp. 56–7.

18
   Quoted in Ioanid (2001), p. 53.

19
   Butnaru (1992), pp. 82–5.

20
   Sebastian (2001), p. 310.

21
   Ancel,
Documents
, Vol. 2, No. 72, pp. 195–7;
Jurnalul de dimineata
, No 57, 21 January 1945.

22
   Ibid., p. 197.

23
   Ibid., p. 308.

24
   Ibid., p. 312.

25
   See Schellenberg,
Hitler’s Secret Service
(New York, 1971), p. 320. Schellenberg also claimed that Reinhard Heydrich had directly instigated the Iron Guard revolt.

26
   Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, Vol. 4, (Munich, 1992), pp. 1524–5.

27
   ADAP, Series D 1937–41, Band XIII, dok. 207, p. 264: Ambassador von Killinger to the German Foreign Ministry, 16 August 1941.

28
   See
Rumänien und der Holocaust: zu den Massenverbrechen in Transnistrien 1941–1944
(Berlin, 2001), pp. 123ff.

29
   Cable from Mihai Antonescu to the Romanian legation in Ankara, 1 March 1941. Romanian Foreign Ministry Archives, Ankara File T1, p. 108. Transcript from Cabinet meeting of 5 August 1941 (excerpt), Interior Ministry Archives, file 40010, Vol. 9, p. 40. Quoted in Ancel (HGS, 19, 2, 2005).

30
   Ancel (2005), p. 253.

31
   Ibid., p. 256.

32
   Ancel,
Documents
, Vol. 6, No 1, p. 1.

33
   Matatias Carp,
Cartea neagră
, Vol. 2 (Bucharest: Socec, 1948), p. 43. (Testimony of Eugen Cristescu, former head of SSI.)

34
   Quoted in Ancel (2005), p. 252.

35
   Figures are disputed – earlier accounts refer to half that number. The higher number cited and endorsed in Ioanid is based on data gathered from Iasi synagogue lists gathered by the Romanian SSI in 1943. See Ioanid, p. 86.

36
   
http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/carp/carp.pdf

37
   Malaparte,
Kaputt
(London, 1946), pp. 104ff. I have used a number of details from the chapter ‘The Rats of Jassy’.

38
   USHM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 18. Quoted in Ioanid, p. 272.

39
   Note that according to Carp: ‘the preparations for the pogrom in Iasi can be reconstructed only on the basis of evidence and individual testimonies collected by judicial bodies. However, these are also in complete, since the testimonies of Germans and deceased Romanians are missing. Also missing is the testimony of General von Schobert – who died in an aviation accident near Kiev; and the testimonies of Generals von Hauffe and Gerstenberg, who headed the German military mission in Romania; no evidence was given by General von Salmuth, Commander of the 30th German Military Corps; nor by General von Roetig, Commander of the 198th Army Division; nor by Colonel Rodler, the Romanian head of the Abwehr; nor by his right-hand man, Hermann von Stransky; nor from Captain Hoffman, commander of the German garrison in Iasi; and absent above all others is the testimony of Baron Manfred von Killinger, German Ambassador to Bucharest. Similarly missing are the testimonies of certain Rumanian personalities, the most important of whom are: Becescu-Georgescu, the Director of the SSI – who died a few years ago; Major Emil Tulbure representative of the SSI in Iasi, who died of a heart attack a few days after the pogrom; his assistant, Major Gheorghe Balotescu, who disappeared in Germany after August 23, 1944.’

40
   Ioanid, p. 66.

41
   USHMM, RG 25.004M, roll 48.

42
   Malaparte, pp. 46ff.

43
   Ibid., p. 70.

44
   
http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/pinkas_romania/rom1_00142.html

45
   Interview by Francisca Solomon, November 2006. Quoted with permission.

46
   
http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/NurTranscript/TranscriptSearches/tran_about.php.
NMT 04. Pohl Case – USA v. Oswald Pohl, et al., English Transcript (10 July 1947), p. 4128.

47
   Figures from Carp (2000).

4  Horror Upon Horror

  
1
   www.holocaustinthebaltics.com.

  
2
   Zuroff (2010), p. 106.

  
3
   Klee et al. (1991), pp. 28ff.

  
4
   
http://www.xxiamzius.lt/archyvas/xxiamzius/20021206/mums_04.html.

  
5
   Klee et al., p. 31.

  
6
   Baranauskus (1970), pp. 194–5.

  
7
   Eidintas (1998), p. 17.

  
8
   Rein, ‘Local Collaboration …’, JHGS (winter 2006).

  
9
   Nathan Cohen, ‘The destruction of the Jews of Butrimonys as described in a farewell letter from a local Jew’, in
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
,Vol. 4, No 3 (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), pp. 357–75.

10
   A. Tooze (2006), pp. 461ff.

11
   Quoted in Burleigh (2002), p. 5.

12
   See A. Tooze (2006); and Burleigh, M.,
The German-Soviet war and other tragedies
(Burleigh, 1997), pp. 92ff.

13
   See Snyder, ‘Holocaust: The Ignored Reality’, in
New York Review of Books
, Vol. 56, No 12 (16 July 2009).

14
   Cited by Burleigh (2002), p. 194. English translations in Noakes & Pridham (2001), pp. 324–6; and Gigliotti & Lang (2005), pp. 167–9. See also Helmut Heiber,
Der Generalplan Ost
(1957),
Denkshrift Himmlers über die Behandlung der Fremdvolksischen im Osten
.

15
   M. Burleigh,
Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide
(Cambridge, 1997). pp. 9–11.

16
   Quoted in Burleigh (2010), p. 247.

17
   Headland (1992), p. 75.

18
   Stahlecker, ‘Consolidated Report’, 15 October, 1941: Nuremberg Document L–180. NARA: records of Case 9, USA versus Otto Ohlendorf et al., roll 8.

19
   American Military Tribunal, No II, United States of America versus Otto Ohlendorf, Vol. 6, p. 2158.

20
   The Jäger Report was discovered after the Einsatzgruppen Trial in Nuremberg had ended and is now in the Central Lithuanian Archives. Jäger himself was not a defendant in Nuremberg; he was arrested many years after the war but committed suicide in 1959 while awaiting trial.

21
   Headland (1992), p. 155.

22
   BA, R70 Sowjetunion/32, folios 4–10; Krausnick,
Die Einsatzgruppen
, pp. 163ff. for Heydrich’s orders.

23
   Stahlecker, Riga, 7 July 1941.

24
   See MacQueen, ‘The Context of Mass Destruction …’, in
HGS
, 12(1) (1998), pp. 27–48.

25
   Quoted in Ezergailis (1996), p. 81.

26
   Lumans, pp. 26ff.

27
   Bellamy (2007), pp. 88ff.

28
   For a detailed account see Dov Levin,
The Lesser of two Evils: Eastern European Jewry under Soviet Rule, 1939–1941
(Jewish Publication Society, 1995), pp. 272–3.

29
   Freidlander (2007), p. 220.

30
   See Kwiet,
Rehearsal for Murder …
, pp. 12ff.; Bauer (1980), p. 36.

31
   Levinson (2009), pp. 166ff.

32
   Quoted in Winkler, H.A.,
Germany, Volume 2: The Long Road West, 1933–1990
(Oxford, 2007), p. 100.

33
   Quoted in Burleigh (1997), p. 41.

34
   Extracts quoted in Boog et al. (1996), pp. 491ff.

35
   See Kwiet, p. 9.

36
   See R. Hilberg,
Documents of Destruction: Germany and Jewry 1933–1945
(Chicago, 1971).

37
   Quoted in Kwiet, p. 17.

38
   See Arad,
Ghetto in Flames
, pp. 35ff.

39
   Ibid., p. 24.

40
   See Stang (1996), pp. 114ff.

41
   Burleigh (1997), pp. 92–3, citing Schumann & Nestler (eds),
Europa unterm Hakenkreuz
.

42
   Arad et al. (1989), p. 4.

43
   Quotations from
The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilnius Ghetto and Camps, 1939–1944
ed. Benjamim Harshav (Newhaven and London, 2002).

44
   See Arad, op. cit., p. 19.

45
   Bauer, op. cit., p. 67.

46
   Details from Bauer, op. cit., pp. 75ff.

47
   Klee et al. (1988), pp. 38–45.

48
   Michael MacQueen,
Lithuanian Collaboration in the ‘Final Solution’: Motivations and Case Studies
(Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies USHMM, 2004).

49
   Quoted in Sutton (2008), pp. 126–7.

5  Massacre in L’viv

  
1
   See Brandon & Lower (eds) (2008), p. 114.

  
2
   In historical terms, distinguishing Galicia from its northern neighbour Volhynia is close to impossible. Strictly, one should refer to Galicia-Volhynia, but to simplify I have used ‘Galicia’ throughout.

  
3
   Macmillan (2001), Chapters 6 and 17 provide an indispensable analysis of the Russian problem in 1919.

  
4
   Littman,
Pure Soldiers
, p. 9.

  
5
   See H. Torrè,
Le process des pogroms
(Paris, 1928).