Holy Warriors (67 page)

46.
The letter is translated in
The Crusades: A Reader
, eds. S. J. Allen and E. Amt (Peterborough, Ontario, 2003), pp. 309–13.

47.
D. J. Smith, “‘Soli Hispani?’ Innocent III and Las Navas de Tolosa,” in
Hispania Sacra
51 (1999), pp. 487–513.

48.
The best discussions of crusading in northern Europe are I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt,
The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254
(Leiden, 2007); Christiansen,
Northern Crusades; Jerusalem in the North: Denmark and the Baltic
Crusades, 1100–1522
, eds. A. Bysted, C. S. Jensen, and K. Villads Jensen (Turnhout, 2009).

49.
From Fonnesberg-Schmidt,
Baltic Crusades
, p. 93.

50.
Ibid., pp. 133–86.

51.
Morton,
Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land
.

52.
W. L. Urban,
The Baltic Crusade
, second edition (Chicago, 1994).

53.
Housley, “Crusades Against Christians,” p. 30.

54.
Translated in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, pp. 118–24. See also P. J. Cole,
The Preaching of Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270
(Cambridge, MA, 1991), pp. 104–9.

55.
Moore,
Pope Innocent III
, pp. 228–52; S. Kuttner and A. García y García, “A New Eyewitness Account of the Fourth Lateran Council,” in
Traditio
20 (1964), pp. 115–78; translated in C. Fasolt, in
Readings in Western Civilisation: Medieval Europe
, eds. J. Kishner and K. F. Morison (Chicago, 1986), pp. 369–76.

56.
This decree of the Fourth Lateran Council is translated in Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality
, pp. 124–29. The full set of these decrees is edited and translated in
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
, 1.227–71.

57.
James of Vitry, see: Jacques de Vitry,
Lettres
, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, new edition (Turnhout, 2000), pp. 551–52.

58.
Comment observed by Moore,
Pope Innocent III
, p. 289.

1.
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 275.

2.
D. Abulafia,
Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
(London, 1988).

3.
J. Johns,
Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan
(Cambridge, 2002).

4.
The best monograph on the Fifth Crusade is J. M. Powell,
Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221
(Philadelphia, 1986).

5.
C. N. Johns,
Pilgrims’ Castle (Atlit), David’s Tower (Jerusalem) and Qal’at ar-Rabad (Ajlun)
(Aldershot, 1997).

6.
Oliver of Paderborn, “Capture of Damietta,” in
Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229
, tr. E. Peters (Philadelphia, 1971), pp. 63–69.

7.
Letter of Robert Aboland, in R. Röhricht,
Testimonia minora de Quinto bello sacro
(Geneva, 1882), p. 83.

8.
James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 510.

9.
For a striking analysis of this famous meeting and its consequences, see J. V. Tolan,
Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian–Muslim Encounter
(Oxford, 2009).

10.
James of Vitry,
Lettres
, p. 576.

11.
B. Hamilton, “Continental Drift: Prester John’s Progress Through the Indies,” in
Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes
, eds. C. F. Beckingham and B. Hamilton (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 237–69.

12.
Ibid., pp. 243–46.

13.
Metcalf,
Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East
, pp. 80–86.

14.
Ibn al-Athir,
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids After Saladin and the Mongol Menace
, tr. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2008), p. 179.

15.
James of Vitry,
Lettres
, pp. 633–44.

16.
D. O. Morgan,
The Mongols
, second edition (Oxford, 2007), pp. 60–62.

17.
Oliver of Paderborn gives the dates of the Nile flood, “Capture of Damietta,” p. 85.

18.
Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 3
, p. 180.

19.
Ibid.

20.
William the Clerk,
Le bezant de Dieu
, translated in P. Throop,
Criticism of the Crusade: A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda
(Amsterdam, 1940), p. 32.

21.
S. C. Aston,
Peirol, Troubadour of Auvergne
(Cambridge, 1953), p. 163.

22.
J. H. Pryor, “The Crusade of Emperor Frederick II, 1220–1229: The Implications of the Maritime Evidence,” in
The American Neptune
52 (1992), pp. 123–27.

23.
On this issue, see T. C. Van Cleve,
The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi
(Oxford, 1972), pp. 165–67.

24.
N. E. Morton,
Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land
(Woodbridge, 2009).

25.
Roger of Wendover,
Flowers of History
, 2.499.

26.
Ibid., 2.507.

27.
Ibid., 2.493.

28.
Ibid., 2.511.

29.
Ibn Wasil,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, pp. 268–69.

30.
Pryor, “Crusade of Emperor Frederick II,” pp. 131–32.

31.
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, pp. 273–74.

32.
Ibn Wasil,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 272.

33.
Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 275.

34.
Abulafia,
Frederick II
, pp. 186–88.

35.
Frederick II to Henry III of England, from
Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History
2.522–24; translated in
Christian Society and the Crusades
, pp. 162–63.

36.
Patriarch Gerold to the Christian faithful, from Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, translated in
Christian Society and the Crusades
, pp. 165–70, here at p. 166.

37.
Abulafia,
Frederick II
, pp. 191–201.

38.
M. Lower,
The Barons’ Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences
(Philadelphia, 2005) is by far the best study of this crusade.

39.
N. Vincent,
The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic
(Cambridge, 2001). See also M. Reeve, “The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Edward I and the Crusade,” in
Viator
37 (2006), pp. 189–221.

40.
M. Barber, “Western Attitudes to Frankish Greece in the Thirteenth Century,” in
Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204
, eds. B. Arbel, B. Hamilton, and D. Jacoby (London, 1989), pp. 111–28.

41.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1999), p. 48.

42.
Lower,
Barons’ Crusade
, pp. 167–71.

43.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, p. 54.

44.
Ibid., p. 57.

45.
Lower,
Barons’ Crusade
, pp. 175–77.

46.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, p. 54.

47.
B. Weiler, “Gregory IX, Frederick II and the Liberation of the Holy Land,” in
Holy Land and Holy Lands
, ed. R. L. Swanson,
Studies in Church History
36 (2000), pp. 192–206.

48.
N. Barbour, “Frederick II’s Relations with the Muslims,” in
Orientalia Hispanica: Sive studia F. M. Pareja octogenario dictata
, ed. J. M. Barral, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1974), 1.89–90.

49.
Ibid., p. 80.

1.
Morgan,
Mongols
, pp. 60–62; Ibn al-Athir,
Chronicle, Part 3
, pp. 204–31; al-Maqrizi,
A History of the Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt
, pp. 273–75.

2.
“The Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre,” in
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, tr. J. Shirley (Aldershot, 1999), p. 132.

3.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, p. 64.

4.
For accounts of Louis’s life, see J. Richard,
Saint Louis, Crusader King of France
, ed. Lloyd, tr. J. Birell (Cambridge, 1992); W. C. Jordan,
Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade
(Princeton, 1979); J. Le Goff,
Saint Louis
, tr. G. E. Gollrad (Notre Dame, 2009). For Louis’s legacy, see M. C. Gaposchkin,
The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages
(Ithaca, 2008).

5.
Jordan,
Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade
, pp. 35–133.

6.
John of Joinville, “The Life of Saint Louis,” in Joinville and Villehardouin:
Chronicles of the Crusades
, tr. C. Smith (London, 2008), p. 178.

7.
Ibid., pp. 296–97.

8.
Ibid., p. 296.

9.
D. Weiss,
Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis
(Cambridge, 1998).

10.
Jean de Jandun, cited in Weiss,
Art and Crusade in the Age of Saint Louis
, p. 33.

11.
C. Smith,
Crusading in the Age of Joinville
(Aldershot, 2006).

12.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 176.

13.
Ibid., p. 177.

14.
Ibn Wasil, in P. Jackson,
The Seventh Crusade: Sources and Documents
(Aldershot, 2007), pp. 129–30.

15.
The Testament of Ayyub, unpublished translation by P. Jackson. See also C. Cahen and I. Chabbouh, “Le testament d’al-Malik as-Salih Ayyub,” in
Bulletin d’Études Orientales de l’Institut Français de Damas
29 (1977), pp. 97–114.

16.
Ibn Wasil,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 286.

17.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 190.

18.
Foundation Charter of the Church of Damietta, in Jackson,
Seventh Crusade
, pp. 95–97.

19.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, p. 89.

20.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 196.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Rothelin,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
, pp. 95–96.

23.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 201.

24.
Ibid., p. 206.

25.
Ibid., pp. 205–6.

26.
Ibid., p. 202.

27.
Ibid., p. 206.

28.
Ibn Wasil,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 292.

29.
Ibid.

30.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 220.

31.
Ibid., p. 221.

32.
Ibn Wasil,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
, p. 294.

33.
Deposition by Charles of Anjou during the canonization process of Saint Louis, in Jackson,
Seventh Crusade
, p. 116.

34.
Ibn Wasil, in Jackson,
Seventh Crusade
, p. 149.

35.
Ibid., pp. 150–53; John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” pp. 231–33.

36.
John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” pp. 229–30.

37.
Ibid., p. 243.

38.
Ibid., pp. 249–54.

39.
Louis IX to his subjects in France, before August 10, 1250, in Jackson,
Seventh Crusade
, p. 113.

40.
Ibid., p. 114.

41.
C. J. Marshall,
Warfare in the Latin East, 1191–1291
(Cambridge, 1992).

42.
On this period of his rule see Jordan,
Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade
, pp. 135–213.

43.
Ibid., pp. 127–28.

44.
Matthew Paris,
The Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Monastic Life in the Thirteenth Century
, tr. R. Vaughan (Gloucester, 1984), pp. 248–49.

45.
R. Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382
(Beckenham, 1986), pp. 26–29.

46.
Morgan,
Mongols
, pp. 130–37; Ibn Kathir in Lewis,
Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople
, pp. 80–84.

47.
P. Jackson, “The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260,” in
English Historical Review
95 (1980), pp. 481–513. For a broader study of Mongol–Christian relations, see the same author’s splendid
The Mongols and the West, 1221–1405
(Harlow, 2005).

48.
R. Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols and Mamluks
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 27–35; letter of Hulegu Khan to Saint Louis, 1262, P. Meyvaert, “An Unknown Letter of Hulegu, Ilkhan of Persia to King Louis IX of France,” in
Viator
11 (1980), pp. 252–59.

49.
Al-Maqrizi in Lewis,
Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople
, pp. 84–85.

50.
Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols and Mamluks
, pp. 35–45; M. Piana,
Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit
(Petersberg, 2008), pp. 44–46; Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages
, pp. 32–34.

51.
Ibn Abd al-Zahir,
Baybars I of Egypt
, tr. F. Sadeque (Dacca, 1956), p. 93.

52.
D. Jacoby, “New Venetian Evidence on Crusader Acre,”
The Experience of Crusading, 2
vols. (Cambridge, 2003), vol. 2, eds. P. W. Edbury and J. P. Phillips, pp. 240–56.