How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher From Galilee (53 page)

  
1:16
, 54

1 Thessalonians, 213, 214, 215

  
4:17
, 111

Philemon, 215

Hebrews, 280–81, 343

  
1:2
, 343

  
1:2–4
, 281

  
1:5–8
, 281

  
2:5–9
, 281

1 John, 296–98

  
1:1–3
, 297

  
1:1–14
, 297

  
2:18–19
, 296

  
4:2–3
, 297

Revelation, 64

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Aaron, 80–81

Abraham, 55–56, 58–59, 72, 124, 250, 327, 331, 332

Achaia, 214

Acts, 21–22, 135, 138, 154, 155, 215, 216, 217, 218, 236, 240

  
exaltation of Jesus, 218, 225–29

Adam and Eve, 259–62

  
Christ poem and, 259–62

adoption, 232–34

adoptionists, 230–40, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

After-Death Communications, 196–97

Ahaz, 242

Alcmena, 23–24

Alexander of Alexandria, 339, 341, 342, 343–44

  
Arian controversy and, 344–52, 357

  
Letter of Alexander
, 343, 344

Alexander Severus, 14

Alexander the Great, 22–23, 24, 30, 126, 160

Alexandria, 8, 315, 337–43

Allison, Dale, 88, 185, 189, 195

Ambrose, Bishop, 364, 385
n
4

Amphytrion, 23–24

Angel of the Lord, 55–57, 72, 83, 331

  
Jesus as, 250–51, 252–54, 264, 267, 269, 278, 331–32

angels, 5, 54–64, 83, 134–35, 147, 250, 331–32, 380
n
3

  
in ancient Judaism, 55–64, 250

  
as God and human, 57–59

  
humans who become, 59–61

  
Watchers, 63–64, 66

annunciation, 226

anthropology, 93

antichrists, 296–98, 327

Antioch, 298, 348

Antioch of Pisidia, 154

Antiochus III, 33–34

Antipas, Herod, 203

anti-supernatural bias, 143–44, 174

Antony, Mark, 27–28

apocalypse, 59–60, 63, 65, 99–112, 286

  
terminology, 99

Apocalypse of Abraham
, 58–59

apocalypticism, 99–112, 130, 378
n
8

  
of Jesus, 103–12, 118, 119, 121, 130, 185–86, 197, 203, 353–55

Apollo, 28, 29, 40, 41

Apollinaris, 367–68

Apollonius, 12–18, 22, 150, 373
n
3

  
historical and legendary, 13–16

  
parallels to Jesus story, 12–18

apologists, 172–73, 199, 311

Aramaic, 90, 140, 223, 227, 271

archaeology, 48

Arian controversy, 8–9, 315, 344–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

Arius, 8–9, 339–52, 356–57, 365, 366, 367

  
Thalia
, 341–42

Artemidorus, 158

  
Dream Book
, 158

Assyria, 242

astrology, 63

Athanasius, 342, 349, 357, 367

atheism, 147

Athena, 40, 41

Athens, 160

Atia, 29

Augustus, Caesar, 27, 28, 29–30, 31, 34, 49, 160, 233, 264, 358

Aurelian, 14

authorities, 54

Babylon, 65, 114

baptism, 97, 110–11, 237–40, 285, 289, 305

  
Jesus as Son of God at, 237–40, 289–95

Baptists, 285

Barnabas, 21

Baruch, 276

2 Baruch
, 59

Baucis, 19–20, 21, 22

belief, 173–74

  
of disciples, in resurrection, 174–83, 204–10

  
of earliest Christians, 213–18

  
false, 328

benefaction, 33–34

Bentall, Richard, “Hallucinatory Experiences,” 193, 194

bereavement visions, 195–97

Bethany, 135

Bianchini, Maria Esperanza Medrano de, 198

Big Bang theory, 144

binitary worship, 235

birth, Jesus as Son of God at, 240–44

Book of the Watchers, 63–64, 66

Brown, Raymond, 135–36, 236–37

Buddha, 131

Buddhism, 147

burial practices for criminals, Roman, 156–65

Caesar, Julius, 27–28, 145, 233

Caesarea, 121, 161, 162

Caesarion, 233

Caligula, 31–32

Callinicum, 364

Callistus, 309

Capernaum, 175, 205

Caracalla, 14

Caria, 157

Carthage, 311

Celestine, Pope, 369

Cephas, 141, 153

cherubim, 54, 83

Chicago, 86, 87

Christ (term), 111–12, 116

Christianity, 1–9, 13, 17, 38, 50–51, 112–17, 130–31

  
beliefs of earliest Christians, 213–18

  
Council of Nicea, 349–52, 356, 357

  
demise in the modern world, 172

  
early Christologies, 211–46, 247–82

  
of fourth and fifth centuries, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

  
God Christ and, 365–70

  
heretic views, 286–321, 326, 366–70

  
orthodox, 323–52

  
resurrection narrative, 129–69, 171–210

  
rise of, 43–44, 49, 174, 197, 245

  
Rome and, 291–95, 309–11, 330, 339–60, 384
n
8

  
of second and third centuries, 283–321, 330–39

  
terminology, 213

  
See also
Gospels; Jesus Christ; New Testament; Old Testament;
specific books

Christology, 4, 7, 204, 208

  
adoptionist, 230–40, 291–95, 302, 328, 335

  
Arianism, 339–52, 356–57, 365–67

  
backward movement of, 236–44

  
baptism of Jesus and, 237–40, 289–95

  
beginnings of, 211–46

  
beliefs of earliest Christians, 213–18

  
birth of Jesus and, 240–44

  
of Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

  
docetic, 295–302, 305, 328

  
early heretic views, 286–321

  
evaluating earliest views of Christ, 230–35

  
exaltation, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

  
fourth and fifth century, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

  
Gnostic, 178–80, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

  
heretic, 286–321, 326, 366–70

  
hetero-orthodoxies, 307–19

  
high, 4, 231, 252, 259, 277–78

  
incarnation, 249–82, 295, 297–98

  
Jesus as God on earth, 249–82

  
of Justin Martyr, 330–34

  
low, 4, 230–35, 252

  
modalist, 308–25, 335, 337

  
of Novatian, 335–37

  
oldest surviving sources, 213–16

  
of Origen, 315–19

  
orthodox, 323–52

  
of second and third centuries, 283–321, 330–39

  
separationist, 305–7, 309

  
terminology, 4, 204

circumcision, 50

Cleopatra, 233

Collins, John, 78

Common Era, 137

common graves, 160–61

Confucius, 131

Connell, Janice,
Meetings with Mary: Visions of the Blessed Mother
, 199

conservative evangelicals, 143–44, 171–72, 285

Constantine, 8, 329, 339–41, 344–52, 357–60, 363, 365

  
Arian controversy and, 344–52, 357

contextual credibility, criterion of, 98

Coptic Apocalypse of Peter
, 179–80, 181, 306

Coptic church, 198–99, 303

Corinth, 137, 138, 178, 181

Cosgrove, Charles, 253–54

Council of Chalcedon, 370

Council of Constantinople, 357, 367, 368

Council of Ephesus, 369

Council of Nicea, 326, 329, 341, 349–52, 356, 357, 365–67

creation, 72, 275

creeds, 216–17, 218–25, 323

  
Nicene, 2, 9, 323–25, 350–52, 357, 366, 367

Crete, 15

Crossan, John Dominic, 157, 163

crucifixion, 6, 45, 91, 96, 97, 116, 123–24, 149, 156–60, 167, 175, 179–80, 246, 258, 272, 325

  
Roman practices of, 156–60

  
scavenging animals and, 157–61, 163

cult, 30–34

  
emperor, 30–34, 49

  
terminology, 30

Cynics, 35–38

daimones, 41–42

David, King, 76, 77, 80, 114, 115, 208, 209, 221, 222, 224

Dead Sea Scrolls, 99, 105, 113–14

Decius, 345, 384
n
8

deification, 28, 31, 39–40

demons, 64

devil, 100

Dio Chrysostum,
Discourses
, 160

Diocletian, 345

Diodorus Siculus,
Library of History
, 160

Dionysius of Alexandria, 337–39

Dionysius of Rome, 337–39

disciples, 90, 92, 109, 111, 119, 128, 135–36, 213, 238, 244–45, 286, 293, 296, 352

  
belief in resurrection, 174–83, 204–10

  
resurrection and, 135–38, 149, 168, 169, 174–210

  
visions of Jesus, 183–204

  
See also specific disciples

dissimilarity, criterion of, 96–97, 106–9, 127

divine economy, 313–14

divine hypostases, 69–75, 83, 273–81

  
Wisdom, 70–72, 74, 75

  
Word, 70, 72–75

divine pyramid, 40–42, 54

divinity, 3–9, 17, 18–45

  
angels who temporarily become human, 55–61

  
divine beings born of a god and a mortal, 22–24

  
divine beings who beget semidivine beings, 62–64

  
divine humans in ancient Judaism, 47–84

  
exaltation Christology, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

  
fourth- and fifth-century views on, 325–26, 340–52, 356–70

  
gods who temporarily became human, 19–22, 249–82

  
heretic views in early church, 286–321

  
human who becomes divine, 25–38, 76–82

  
incarnation Christology, 249–82

  
Jesus and, 43–45, 61, 124–28, 206–10, 211–46, 247–82, 285–321, 330–52, 356–70

  
Jesus as God, 353–71

  
king of Israel, 76–80

  
Moses as God, 80–82

  
path that denies, 289–95

  
pyramid, 40–42

  
Roman and Greek models of human divinity, 18–43

  
second- and third-century views on, 285–321, 330–39

  
two-powers heresy, 67–69

docetists, 295–302, 305, 328

  
opposed by Ignatius, 298–300

  
opposed in 1 John, 296–98

dominions, 54

Domitian, 15, 31

“doubt tradition,” and resurrection, 189–92

dreams, 158, 196

dualism, 99–100

Ebionites, 290–91

Egypt, 8, 29, 51, 56–57, 77, 78, 80, 120, 126, 179, 198–99, 261, 303, 315, 337, 339–52, 361

Ehrman, Bart D.:

  
Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
, 88

  
Misquoting Jesus
, 239

Elijah, 127, 205, 239, 260

Elisha, 127

Elohim, 79

Emmaus, road to, 191

emperor cult, 30–34, 49, 234

empty tomb, 164–69, 173, 184–86, 190, 206

  
need for, 168–69

  
women at, 166–68, 184–85, 191

Enlightenment, 172, 284

Enoch, 59–60, 63–64, 66–67, 83, 113, 126, 260

1 Enoch
, 63–64, 66–67, 101, 105, 113

2 Enoch
, 60

Episcopalianism, 51, 130

Eusebius of Caesarea, 16, 17, 292–94, 341, 347–49

  
Church History
, 293–94

  
The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine
, 347, 348, 358–60

evil, 99–102, 204, 259, 355

exaltation, 5, 7, 8, 218–46, 249–51

  
Acts and, 218, 225–29

  
Christology, 218–46, 249–51, 266, 279, 282, 289, 308

  
Gospels and, 236–46

  
Jesus as exalted Son of God, 244–46, 249–51

  
Paul and, 218–30

  
Romans and, 218–25

  
transformation into incarnation Christology, 249–51, 282

exodus, 51, 56, 72, 76, 120, 261

Exorcist, The
(film), 42

Ezekiel the Tragedian, 61

Fredriksen, Paula, 88

fundamentalism, 88, 144, 172

Gabriel, 54, 64, 241

Galatians, 109, 215, 252–53, 257–58, 296

  
Christ as an angel in, 252–53, 267

Galilee, 1, 45, 49, 125, 134, 135–36, 167, 175, 205, 234, 244, 352

Garrett, Susan, 252

Gieschen, Charles, 57, 250, 252

Gnosticism, 168, 178–80, 181, 302–7, 309, 311, 324, 328

  
terminology, 302–3

God, Moses as, 80–82

God of Israel, 69

God on earth, Jesus as, 249–82

good and evil, 99–100, 259, 355

Goranson, Evan, 86, 87