Independence (74 page)

97
. Quoted in editor’s note,
PBF
21:41.

98
. Valentine,
Lord North
, 1:311, 319–20.

99
.
Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin
, February 13, 1766,
PBF
13:142.

100
. BF, “A Letter from London,”
Boston Gazette
, April 25, 1774,
PBF
21:79–83. The “Bull-baiting” quote can be found in BF, “Extract of a Letter from London,”
Pennsylvania Gazette
, April 20, 1774, ibid., 21:112.

CHAPTER 3: “DEFENDERS OF AMERICAN LIBERTY”: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOSEPH GALLOWAY, AND THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

1
. SA to Arthur Lee, January 25, 1774,
WSA
3:79; Benjamin Woods Labaree,
The Boston Tea Party
(New York, 1964), 147–48; David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
(New York, 1994), 25–26.

2
. Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 156–61.

3
. BF to Thomas Cushing, February 15[–19], March 22, 1774,
PBF
21:95, 152; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 218.

4
. “The Town of Boston to the Colonies,” May 13, 1774,
WSA
3:107–8; The Committee of Correspondence to the Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia, May 13, 1774, ibid., 3:110–11;
American Archives
, 1:331, 331n; Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter’s War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 37; David Ammerman,
In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774
(Charlottesville, Va., 1974), 19.

5
. SA to Arthur Lee, January 25, April 4, May 18, 1774,
WSA
3:79, 98–102; SA to Elbridge Gerry, March 25, 1774, ibid., 3:84; SA to John Dickinson, April 21, 1774, ibid., 3:104–5; SA to Silas Deane, May 18, 1774, ibid., 3:114–16; SA to Stephen Hopkins, May 18, 1774, ibid., 3:116–17; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 220.

6
. Quoted in Ira Stoll,
Samuel Adams: A Life
(New York, 2008), 23.

7
. My assessment of Samuel Adams draws in part on several excellent biographies. See John C. Miller,
Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda
(Stanford, Calif., 1936); William M. Fowler,
Samuel Adams: Radical Puritan
(New York, 1997); John K. Alexander,
Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician
(Lanham, Md., 2002); and Stoll,
Samuel Adams
, 13–78. See also the important essay on SA in Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries: Political Leaders in the Age of Samuel Adams
(New York, 1982), 3–50. The Jefferson quotation can be found in Miller’s biography of SA, page 343. The “nervous eloquence” comment can be found in Cass Canfield,
Samuel Adams’s Revolution, 1765–1776
(New York, 1972), 32. The “horned snake” quotation is from Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, page 72. Abigail Adams’s comments on SA can be found in AA to Mary Cranch, July 15, 1766,
AFC
1:54. JA’s comments can be found in JA to William Tudor, June 5, 1817,
WJA
10:263; JA to Jedidiah Morse, December 5, 1815, ibid., 10:190; JA, Diary, December 23, 1765,
DAJA
1:271; JA to Benjamin Rush, August 1, 1812, in John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds.,
The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805–1813
(San Marino, Calif., 1966), 253. See also John Ferling,
John Adams: A Life
(reprint, New York, 2010), 448–49. For Hutchinson on SA, see Thomas Hutchinson,
A History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts-Bay
, ed. Lawrence S. Mayo (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), 2:155–56.

8
. [Samuel Adams],
Boston Gazette
, April 4, 11, December 19, 1768,
WSA
1:202, 205, 270. On the trends in the mother country, see J. H. Plumb,
England in the Eighteenth Century
(Baltimore, Md., 1950), 77–90; John Rule, “Manufacturing and Commerce,” in H. T. Dickinson, ed.,
A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain
(London, 2002), 127–40; Gordon Mingay, “Agriculture and Rural Life,” ibid., 141–57; Peter Borsay, “Urban Life and Culture,” ibid., 196–208. The Plumb quotation can be found on page 83 of his book cited above.

9
. Miller,
Sam Adams
, 3–47; Maier,
Old Revolutionaries
, 5–11, 17–21; Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritan Ethic and the American Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly
24 (1967): 3–43.

10
. The Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress, October 19, 1765, in David C. Douglas et al., eds.,
English Historical Documents
(London, 1956–70), 9:672–73.

11
. Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 132–33; Merrill Jensen,
The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York, 1968), 466–67; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 24–25.

12
. Jack Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 23; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 231–32; John Hancock,
An Oration, Delivered March 5, 1774
(Boston, 1774), 17–18.

13
. Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 5–9.

14
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 474–79; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 31–32; John E. Selby,
The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783
(Williamsburg, Va., 1988), 8–9.

15
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 470–73; Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 26, 45–47; Labaree,
Boston Tea Party
, 228–29, 240–42.

16
. BF to Galloway, August 20, 1768; January 9, 29, 1769; June 11, 1770,
PBF
15:189–90; 16:15, 30; 17:168.

17
. JA, Diary, September 3, October 10, 1775,
DAJA
2:121, 150; Raymond Werner, ed., “Diary of Grace Growdon Galloway,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
55 (1931): 87, 168; Ernest H. Baldwin, “Joseph Galloway, Loyalist Politician,” ibid., 21 (1902): 161–64; Benjamin H. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway: A Political Partnership
(New Haven, Conn., 1972), 11, 35, 46, 89, 94, 121.

18
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 35–70.

19
. Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 35–104. See also James H. Hutson,
Pennsylvania Politics: The Movement for Royal Government and Its Consequences
(Princeton, N.J., 1972).

20
.
PBF
12:219n; Galloway to BF, July 18, November 16–28, 1765; January 13, February 27, May 23, June 16, 1766, ibid., 12:217–18, 376–77; 13:35–37, 180–81, 285, 317; Galloway to William Franklin, November 14, 1765, ibid., 12:373–74.

21
. Galloway to BF, March 10, October 17, 1768,
PBF
15:71, 231; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 216–17.

22
. William Nelson,
The American Tory
(Oxford, 1961), 46; Newcomb,
Franklin and Galloway
, 225–26.

23
. Janice Potter,
The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts
(Cambridge, Mass., 1983), 112–27. The quotations can be found on page 127.

24
. Quoted in Nelson,
American Tory
, 44.

25
. Galloway to BF, June 21, 1770; October 12, 1772,
PBF
17:177–78; 19:331.

26
. Richard A. Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776
(Philadelphia, 1978), 40–63.

27
. Nelson,
American Tory
, 46.

28
. Quoted in Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 23.

29
. Galloway to William Franklin, September 3, 1774,
LDC
1:24: Alexander,
Samuel Adams
, 139.

30
. JA, Diary, August 10, 1774,
DAJA
2:97–98, 97–98n;
DGW
, August 31, 1774, 3:272–74.

31
. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, September 23, 1774,
LDC
1:91.

32
. JA, Diary, August 10–25, 1774,
DAJA
2:97–111.

33
. JA, Diary, August 29, 1774,
DAJA
2:114–15.

34
. JA, Diary, September 1, 1774,
DAJA
2:119;
DGW
, September 4, 1774, 3:274, 275n.

35
. JA, Diary, June 20, 1774,
DAJA
2:96, 97.

36
. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:15; JA, Diary, August 30, September 7, 22, 1774,
DAJA
2:116, 127, 136; Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh,
Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin
(New York, 1965), 1–28.

37
. JA, Diary, August 30, 1774,
DAJA
2:116; Robert Treat Paine, Diary, September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:13; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 8, 9, 1774, ibid., 1:16, 18, 20, 50, 55.

38
. JA to AA, September 14, 18, 29, 1774,
AFC
1:155, 158, 164; JA, Diary, September 8, 17, 22, 1774,
DAJA
2:127, 134, 136.

39
. H. James Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
(New York, 1974), 20–21.

40
. JA to AA, September 25, 1774,
AFC
1:163.

41
. JA, Diary, August 23, 1774,
DAJA
2:109.

42
. JA, Diary, September 2, 3, 1774,
DAJA
2:119, 120, 121.

43
. JA, Diary, August 29, September 3, 8, 12, 1774,
DAJA
2:114–15, 121, 127, 133.

44
. Ammerman,
In the Common Cause
, 47–48.

45
. JA, Diary, August 30, 1774,
DAJA
2:115. JA’s remark was first noted in Henderson,
Party Politics in the Continental Congress
, 35. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, August 31–September 5, 1774,
LDC
1:19.