Interventions (51 page)

Peacebuilding Commission, 145, 147

peacekeeping operations, 10–11, 29–79

Agenda for Peace, An,
35

in Bosnia, 60–73

Brahimi Report and, 75–77

complicity with evil and, 73–79

end of Cold War and, 33–34

failure to prepare for actions in civil war zones, 36–39

Hammarskjöld's invention of, 32–33

integrating development efforts and, 220

in Middle East, 251–313

Operation Desert Storm and, 34

principles of, 33

reform of, 75–78

in Rwanda, 46–59

in Somalia, 1993, 29–32, 39–46

tripartite governing structure of, 36–38, 76

UNEF II, in Egypt, 30–31

Peres, Shimon, 280, 284

Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier, 319, 320

East Timor and, 102

Somalia and, 40

Pérez Roque, Felipe, 146

Peshawar conference, 339

pharmaceutical companies, 242–44

Pickering, Thomas, 166

Piot, Peter, 238, 243

poverty, 215, 220, 223–27

Millennium Declaration and, 225–27

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and (
See
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs))

We the Peoples
report and, 222–26

poverty trap, 229–31

Powell, Colin, 3, 127, 130, 361–62

Afghanistan and, 337, 339

“automaticity” of military action against Iraq and, 347–53

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 251, 273, 274, 275, 279, 282

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and, 1–2

Prendergast, Kieran, 96, 108, 166–67

Putin, Vladimir, 4

Quartet, 251, 274–75, 279, 283, 285, 290–94, 309, 310

Racak, Kosovo, 93

Ramos-Horta, Jose, 102

Ražnatovi´c, Željko Arkan, 61

rape camps, in Bosnia, 63

Rapid Reaction Force (RRF), 71, 72

Ratsiraka, Didier, 177

Red Cross, 40

reform, UN, 135–47, 156–58

dangers as perceived by different member states and, 144

necessity for, 140–41

package of reforms, 2003, 145–47

of peacekeeping operations, 75–78

of Security Council, 141–44

Renninger, John, 338

Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 116–19, 132–33, 145, 147

Revolutionary United Front, 155

Rice, Condoleeza, 4, 6, 9–10, 200–1, 290, 291, 292, 300, 301, 303, 305–6

Riza, Iqbal, 53, 58, 85, 109, 315–16, 319, 334–35, 360

roadmap to peace, 282–86

Roed-Larsen, Terje, 260, 268, 275, 280, 289, 300

Rome Conference of 1998, 150–51

Rome Group, 337, 339

Rome Statute, 151, 152–53

Ruggie, John, 223, 226, 361

rule of law, 147–56

Big Man system versus, in Africa, 167–84

establishing, as founding purpose of UN, 148–49

International Criminal Court (ICC), 147–55

potential indictments and impact on peace process, 155–56

Rome Conference of 1998 and, 150–51

Rome Statute and, 151, 152–53

Russia, 141.
See also
Quartet; Security Council; Soviet Union

Bosnia and, 66

Kosovo and, 89

refusal to ratify Rome Statute, 153

and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein's disarmament, 345–46, 352–53

Rwanda, 10, 32, 46–59, 247

Annan's address to, as Secretary General, 73–75

Arusha Accords and, 49, 51

civil war in, 48–49

Dallaire's warning memo and, 46–47

DPKO response to Dallaire memo, 47–48, 55–56

genocide in, 47, 56–59, 74–75

health care, access to, 235

tribunal for, 154–55

UNAMIR/UNAMIR II and, 49–59

Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), 48–49, 59

Sachs, Jeff, 211, 229–30, 245

safe areas concept, in Bosnia, 65–67

Sahnoun, Mohamed, 39, 44, 116

Salim, Salim A., 181

Samkange, Stanlate, 178

sanctions and disarmament regime, and Iraq, 320–34, 344–54

Sankoh, Foday, 155–56

Sarajevo, Bosnia, 72–73

Saud, Prince, 349

Scandinavia, 213

Schröder, Gerhard, 98, 362

Security Council, 180

Afghanistan and, 336–37, 339, 341–42

Bosnia and, 60, 65, 67–69

Darfur and, 122–26, 130

disarmament and sanctions regime for Iraq and, 320–22, 330, 332, 344–54

end of Cold War and, 34

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 255–56, 277–78, 279, 280

Kosovo and, 88–89

Lebanon War of 2006 and, 302–7

9/11 terrorist attacks and, 335

peacekeeping operations, role in, 33–37

reform proposals, 141–44

resolution 181, 255, 259

resolution 194, 276

resolution 242, 255

resolution 338, 255

resolution 425, 262, 263, 265

resolution 426, 262

resolution 687, 321, 324–25

resolution 794, 42

resolution 814, 43

resolution 836, 66

resolution 872, 49

resolution 918, 59

resolution 986, 321

resolution 1199, 92

resolution 1397, 279

resolution 1402, 279

resolution 1405, 280

resolution 1441, 347–49, 357

resolution 1559, 9, 297–98, 300–1

resolution 1595, 300

resolution 1680, 9

resolution 1701, 304–7

Rwanda and, 49, 54–59

Somalia and, 35, 40–45

U.S. push to force Hussein's disarmament and, 344–54

security fence/wall, 253, 287–88

Serbia, 11

Serb Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 61

Sevan, Benon, 359

Shab'a farms, 263–64, 302

Shalit, Gilad, 7

Sharm el-Sheikh peace negotiations, 270–72

Sharon, Ariel, 253, 271–72, 274, 276, 277, 279, 286–90, 293, 301–2

Sierra Leone, 117, 155–56, 232

Siniora, Fouad, 302, 303, 304–5

Sise, Lamin, 159–60

Sistani, Ayatollah, 356

Six plus Two group, 336, 339

Slovenia, 61

Smith, Rupert, 69, 71

socialism versus capitalism debate, and development agenda of UN, 214–16

Solana, Javier, 93–94, 97, 99, 270, 273, 274, 293, 361–62

Somalia, 29–32, 35, 39–46, 85–86, 214

collapse of UN mission in, 45–46

humanitarian aid agencies and, 39–41

manhunt for Aidid and, 44–45

Operation Restore Hope, 42–43

Pakistani peacekeepers killed in, 44

United States in, 42–46

UNOSOM and, 40–41

UNOSOM II and, 29–32, 43–45

Sorenson, Ted, 357–58

South Africa, 118, 142–43, 213, 241–42

South Korea, 248

sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights, 81–133

Darfur and, 119–33

duty of care, intervention as, 114–19

East Timor and, 81–83, 101–14

Kosovo and, 87–101

Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 116–19, 132–33

sanctity and universality of human rights, 83–86

Soviet Union, 32.
See also
Russia

end of Cold War and, 33–34

Spain, 66

Srebrenica, 10, 32, 65, 70, 101, 157

Stedman, Stephen, 157

Straw, Jack, 129–30

subsidies, agricultural, 248

Sudan, 119–32, 153–54, 183.
See also
Darfur

Supreme Court, U.S., 147–48

Syria, 4–5, 125–26, 264, 266, 307, 312, 348, 359

Arab Awakening and, 296, 368–69

Israeli-Syrian conflict, 261–62

in Lebanon, 295–99

withdrawal from Lebanon, 300–2

Tahrir Square, 312

Taif Agreement, 261, 295, 297, 319

Talbott, Strobe, 99

Taliban, 8–9

destruction of Bamiyan Buddhas and, 8

harboring of bin Laden and al Qaeda, 9, 335

military defeat of, 335, 336–37

Northern Alliance fighting against, 339–40

Pakistani support for, 336, 343

Tanzania, 91

Tenet, George, 278

terrorism, 144

international development and fight against, 233–34

9/11 terrorist attacks, 2–3, 136, 137, 233, 334–35, 365–66

Palestinians and, 252, 276–78

war on terror, 365–66

Tibaijuka, Anna, 169

Togo, 182

trade, 248

Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC), 203

tuberculosis, 239–40

Tunisia, 312

Turkey, 359

Tutsi tribe, 48–49, 56–57, 59

Tutu, Desmond, 188

two-state solution, 251–52, 276, 279, 284–85, 310

ubuntu
philosophy, 173

Uganda, 91, 153, 183, 241

UNAIDS, 238

Unilever, 16, 24–25

United Africa Company, 16, 21

United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), 18–20, 21

United Kingdom, 141, 240.
See also
Security Council

Bosnia and, 66–67, 68

Iraq War and, 344–46, 364, 366

Kosovo and, 88

Sierra Leone and, 117

United Nations, 144.
See also
specific departments, offices and missions

Afghanistan, role in forging new government for, 337–44

Charter (
See
United Nations Charter)

development agenda (
See
development agenda of UN)

General Assembly, 118–19, 141, 180

Iraq and, post-Gulf War period, 318–34

Lebanon War of 2006 and, 9–10

Middle East and (
See
Middle East peacemaking)

Nobel Peace Prize (2001) and, 136–37, 140, 335

peacekeeping operations (
See
peacekeeping operations)

reform of (
See
reform, UN)

rule of law, restoring, 147–56

secretary-general, role of, 138–40

Security Council (
See
Security Council)

sovereignty and intervention (
See
sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights)

United Nations Arab Human Development Report, 311

United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), 341

United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR/UNAMIR II), 49–59

United Nations Charter, 12–13, 78–79, 84, 95–96, 118, 135, 138, 144, 156–57

United Nations Development Group, 220

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 220

United Nations Disaster Relief Organization, 320

United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), 264

United Nations Emergency Force in Egypt (UNEF II), 30–31

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 58

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 169

United Nations Independent Investigation Commission (UNIIIC), 299

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 9–10, 264, 265, 281–82, 295, 305–6

United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), 344–45, 349

United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM), 40–41

United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), 29–32, 43–45

United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 60, 62, 63, 67, 69–72

United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 255

United Nations Secretariat, 36–37

United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), 321–26, 328–34, 344–45

United Nations Special Coordinator (UNSCO), 294

United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 299

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), 112–14

United States, 32, 141.
See also
Iraq War; Quartet; Security Council

Afghanistan and, 342–44

Bosnia and, 63, 66–67, 68

disarmament and sanctions regime for Iraq and, 324–26, 330, 331–32, 333, 334

HIV/AIDS campaign funding and, 240–41

hostility to peacekeeping after Somalia, 49–51

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 251, 254–55, 278–79, 282–85, 287–90

Kosovo and, 88, 89, 97–99

Lebanon War and, 3–4, 7, 8

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and, 233–34

as obstacle to reforming UN, 145–47

refusal to ratify Rome Statute, 153

response to 9/11 terrorist attacks and, 2–3

Rwanda and, 49–51, 55, 58

and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein's disarmament, 344–54

Somalia and, 42–46

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 118–19, 132–33

University of Science and Technology, 23–24

Urquhart, Brian, 35

U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 240–41

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 345

Vance, Cyrus, 65

Vieira de Mello, Sergio, 112, 113, 355–56

death of, 315–17, 356

Vietnam, 91

Volcker, Paul, 359–60

Wahlgren, Lars Eric, 66, 67

Waki, Philip, 204

Wallenberg, Raoul, 258

Wall Street Journal,
360

War Crimes Tribunal, 100

weapons inspections, and Iraq, 322–34

weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 1–2, 144, 147, 331, 344, 346, 364

Weisglass, Dov, 293

Weizman, Ezer, 272

West Bank Wall, 253, 287–88

We the Peoples
report, 222–26

Williams, Rowan, 228

Wiranto, General, 110

Wirth, Tim, 361

Wolfensohn, James, 221, 290, 292–93, 362

women, empowerment of, 231–32

World Bank, 221

World Economic Forum, 219

World Health Organization (WHO), 24, 25, 238

Yemen, 312

Younes, Nadia, 316, 317

Yugoslavia, 35, 60, 154–55

Zaire, 48

Zapatero, José Luis, 362

Zedillo, Ernesto, 232

Zepa, 70

Zimbabwe, 167–69

Zinni, Anthony, 278