245 . Quote in Morsch, “Formation,” 148. See also Naujoks,Leben , 40.
246 . LG Bonn, Urteil, February 6, 1959,JNV , vol. 15, quote on 473. More generally, see Kogon,Theory , 83.
247 . Figures in Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 162.
248 . Such Kapo posts were normally restricted to the supervision of other Jewish prisoners (Morsch, “Formation,” 149; Jahnke, “Eschen”), though there were exceptions (LBIJMB, MF 425, L. Bendix, “Konzentrationslager Deutschland,” 1937–38, vol. 4, 31).
249 . Herz, “Frauenlager,” 179–80.
250 . BArchB, R 58/264, Bl. 263: Politischer Polizeikommandeur to Politische Polizeien, August 1[8] 1936; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 141.
251 . Given Himmler’s keen interest in Jewish KL prisoners, he must have approved this major initiative, perhaps on the occasion of his visit to Dachau on February 16, 1937; IfZ, F 37/19, Himmler diary. For more detail on
252 . Wünschmann, “Cementing,” 589.
253 . Wünschmann,
254 . Dillon, “Dachau,” 239. See also Burkhard,Tanz , 95–100;NCC , docs. 210 and 220.
255 . ITS, ARCH/HIST/KL Dachau 4 (200), Bl. 43: LK Dachau, Führungsbericht Leo L., July 6, 1938.
256 . Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 164–65; Broszat,Kommandant , 167;NCC , doc. 155. The Dachau SS appears to have imposed similar isolation on Jews in 1935 and 1936.
257 . Quote in Broszat,Kommandant , 169. See also ibid., 168; Eicke order of the IKL, March 1, 1937,NCC , doc. 155. On Jews as hostages, see Burrin,Hitler .
258 . Quote in Hett,Crossing , 226. See also ibid., 220; “Die Erpresser von Dachau,”Neuer Vorwärts , December
259 . Burkhard,Tanz , 89–94; DaA, 9394, A. Lomnitz, “Heinz Eschen zum Gedenken,” July 3, 1939; Litten,Mutter , 226.
260 . NLHStA, 158 Moringen, Acc. 105/96, Nr. 104: G. Glogowski to H. Krack, August 26, 1937 (my thanks to Kim Wünschmann for sharing this document).
261 . DaA, 9394, A. Lomnitz, “Heinz Eschen zum Gedenken,” July 3, 1939; Litten,Mutter , 209–10, 225–29; Jahnke, “Eschen,” 29–33; Hett,Crossing , 221–24, 227–28, 236–45; Königseder, “Regimegegner,” 357–60; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 164. For the mortality figures, see DaA, Häftlingsdatenbank.
262 . Barkai, “‘Schicksalsjahr.’”
263 . Evans,Third Reich in Power , 574–79, 657–61; Friedländer,Nazi Germany , 241–68; Longerich,Holocaust , 98–109.
264 . Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,”Ordnungshüter , 195.
265 . Quotes in Riedel,Ordnungshüter , 196; Eichmann minute, May 30, 1938,NCC , doc. 102. More generally, see Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 182–83; Cesarani,Eichmann , 62–64; Schmid, “Aktion,” 34. Several hundred more Austrian Jews arrived in Dachau on “mixed” transports with other prisoners.
266 . By JuneGeneral , 119.
267 . Quote in Gruner,Jewish Forced Labor , 3.
268 . Quote in Heydrich to Kripo, JuneNCC , doc. 103. More generally, see Wünschmann, “Cementing,” 595–97; idem., “Jewish Prisoners,” 193–200, 205; Berkowitz,Crime .
269 . Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom , 46; Stein,Juden , 18; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 206; Dirks, “‘Juni-Aktion.’” For Jewish communities, see SD-Hauptamt II 112, Lagebericht, October 8, 1938, in Kulka and Jäckel,Juden , doc. 2509. For a full-length study,“Juni-Aktion.”
270 . Schmid, “Aktion,” 36–37; Stein,Juden , 15; idem., “Funktionswandel,” 169; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 193.
271 . Quotes in Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 202; Stein,Juden , 22. See also ibid., 19–24; Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom , 43–91; Report of the Amsterdam Jewish Central Information Office, July 1938,NCC , doc. 246.
272 . Report of the Amsterdam JewishNCC , doc. 246; Stein,Juden , 24–26; idem, “Funktionswandel,” 169; BwA, Totenbuch. Although they accounted for less than twenty percent of the Buchenwald prisoner population, Jews made up more than forty percent of victims in this period.
273 . Quote in summary of reports by released prisoners and lawyers, late July 1938, in Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom ,
274 . Dachau held around twice as many Jewish prisoners as Buchenwald in summer 1938. Between eighteen and twenty-six Jewish prisoners (the figures are not conclusive) died from June to August 1938 in Dachau, compared to at least ninety-two in Buchenwald. See DaA, Häftlingsdatenbank; BwA, Totenbuch.
275 . Historians have speculated that the authorities decided to move Jewish prisoners outJuden , 31–33.
276 . Stein,Juden , 33; Neurath,Gesellschaft , 43.
277 . BwA, Totenbuch; Stein,Juden , 26.
278 . I amKristallnacht , 16–17, 36–48; Evans,Third Reich in Power , 580–86. For the quote, Fröhlich,Tagebücher , I/6, November 10, 1938, 180.
279 . Fröhlich,Tagebücher , I/6, November 10, 1938, 181.
280 . Police orders inIMT , vol. 25, 377–78, ND: 374–PS.
281 . “Dr. Adler” quote in WL, B. 216, January 1939; the author’s real name is unknownKristallnacht , 92–97; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 212–13. According to one estimate, up to thirty-six thousand Jews were arrested during and after the pogrom; Pollmeier, “Verhaftungen,” 168. On the FrankfurtFesthalle , see Gerhardt and Karlauf,Nie mehr , 232.
282 . Kulka and Jäckel,Juden , docs. 2607, 2628, 2633, 2856; Steinweis,Kristallnacht , 92–93.
283 . Quotes in Regierungspräsident Niederbayern und Oberpfalz, Monatsbericht, December 8, 1938, in Kulka and Jäckel,Juden , doc. 2582; SD-Unterabschnitt Württemberg-Hohenzollern, Lagebericht, February 1, 1939, ibid., doc. 2778. For other critical voices, see ibid., doc. 2624;NCC , doc. 296. On support for the detention of Jews, see Kulka and Jäckel,Juden , docs. 2587, 2631. More generally,“Davon,” 124–35; Evans,Third Reich in Power , 590–91.
284 . Quotes in WL, B. 216, anonymous report, January 1939, translation inNCC , doc. 249; Stein,Juden , 41. See also ibid., 43; Freund,Buchenwald! , 36; Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom , 574, 608.
285 . Around 6,000 Jews arrived in Sachsenhausen (November 1938); 9,828 in Buchenwald (November 10–14); 10,911 in Dachau (November 10–DecemberJuden , 41; Riedel,Ordnungshüter , 198. The SD reported that around twenty-five thousand Jewish men had been taken to the KL after the pogrom; SD-Hauptamt II 1, Jahreslagebericht 1938, in Kulka and Jäckel,Juden , doc. 2766.
286 . According to Werner Best, the camps had held twenty-four thousand
287 . Figure for late September 1938 in Fahrenberg and Hördler, “Lichtenburg,” 169.
288 . Hackett,Buchenwald , 250.
289 .NCC , doc. 247;OdT , vol. 3, 22; Naujoks,Leben , 91–92.
290 . Quote in WL, B. 216, anonymous report,NCC , doc. 249. See also Stein,Juden , 43–45; Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,” 213–14; Richarz,Leben , 330–31; Hackett,Buchenwald , 249.
291 . Quotes inNCC , doc. 249; Freund,Buchenwald! , 38, 41. See also Stein,Juden , 44–46, 55–56; Richarz,Leben , 331–32; Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom , 523–24.
292 . Quote in Naujoks,Leben , 93. See also Wünschmann, “Jewish Prisoners,”
293 .NCC , docs. 247–49; Stein,Juden , 22, 27; Trouvé, “Klinkerwerk,” 75; Richarz,Leben , 329; Stein,Juden , 44; Burkhard,Tanz , 117.
294 . Quote in Sopade report, May 1937,NCC , doc. 220. For abuses of Jewish prisoners by fellow inmates, see Barkow et al.,Novemberpogrom , 67, 75.
295 . Wünschmann, “Cementing,” 580–81, 588, 592.
296 . For example, see Stein,Juden , 50.
297 . WL, B. 216, anonymous report, January 1939, translated inNCC , doc. 249.
298 . Quoted in Wünschmann, “Konzentrationslagererfahrungen,” 53.
299 . Stokes, “Das oldenburgische Konzentrationslager,” 207; Meyer and Roth, “Zentrale,” 210; Rudorff, “Misshandlung,” 46–47.
300 . For Eicke, see BArchB, Film 44564, Vernehmung O. Pohl, January 6, 1947, p. 6; Tuchel,Konzentrationslager , 266;NCC , doc. 155. For other examples of SS corruption, see Internationales Zentrum,Nazi-Bastille , 54–56; Hackett,Buchenwald , 129; Riedel,Ordnungshüter , 204–14; Decker, “Stadt Prettin,” 214.
301 . Quote in Verordnung über eine Sühneleistung der Juden, November 12, 1938, in Hirsch et al.,Recht , 371–72. More generally, see Bajohr,Parvenüs , 101–20.
302 . HLSL, AnklageschriftLeben , 92–93; Riedel,Ordnungshüter , 200–202.
303 . Quote in Broszat,Kommandant , 170. See also Hackett,Buchenwald , 248; Stein,Juden , 46.
304 . Jewish prisoners who diedGedenkbuch . Several hundred “November Jews” died from injuries sustained
