Read Life's Greatest Secret Online

Authors: Matthew Cobb

Life's Greatest Secret (49 page)

BOOK: Life's Greatest Secret
11.89Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads
If you want to know what happened before this story begins, you should read my earlier book,
The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth Century Scientists Who Unravelled the Secrets of Sex, Life and Growth
(published in the US as
Generation).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book owes a debt to the scholarship of the late Lily E. Kay, whose
Who Wrote the Book of Life?
provided me with inspiration and acted as a pathfinder. As the dedication indicates, my friend and colleague Professor John Pickstone died before he could subject the manuscript to his incisive criticism. We talked about the book several times over coffee or a pint as I was planning and writing it, and John’s insight and good humour always cheered and helped me.
My agent, Peter Tallack, and my London publisher, John Davey, were enthusiastic and attentive during the pitching and the writing, respectively. John’s careful edits have improved the manuscript no end, and at his suggestion we visited the King’s College Archive and were able to handle the camera that took the notorious photo 51 (see Chapter 6). Bruce Goatly edited the copy with great efficiency and also rescued me from some howlers that will remain our secret. Picture researcher Lesley Hodgson gathered the illustrations with aplomb. Penny Daniel ensured that the passage from manuscript to printed page went smoothly, and was tolerant of my changes to the proofs.
My thanks go to my friends, colleagues, folk on Twitter and people whom I contacted out of the blue by e-mail, all of whom helped me in all sorts of ways, providing information, encouragement, articles, and in the case of Jerry Hurwitz an eye-witness account of the moment that Marshall Nirenberg told the world that the genetic code had been cracked: Tom Avery, Stuart Bennett, Casey Bergman, Sam Berry, Dave Briggs, Thony Christie, Dan Davis, Jerry Hurwitz, Nick Lane, Richard Lenski, Florian Maderspacher, Bjorn Poonen, Brian Sutton, Alex Wellerstein, Michael Wells and Vivian Wyatt. Alok Jha (then of
The Guardian
), Steve Mao of
Cell
and Geoff North of
Current Biology
were all generous enough to allow me to sketch out my ideas through articles in their publications. Jerry Coyne encouraged me to post material on http://whyevolutionistrue.com, and the readers’ comments helped me clarify my ideas. Similarly, the students on Carsten Timmerman’s University of Manchester course
A History of Biology in 20 Objects
have been guinea pigs for some of my arguments. When it came to reviewing the manuscript, Jerry Coyne, Stephen Curry, Larry Moran, Michel Morange, Adam Rutherford, Ulrich Stegmann and Leslie Vosshall all generously provided extremely useful comments on chapter drafts. The errors and omissions that remain are my fault, of course.
While I wrote this book, my close family had to face a variety of life-changing events – PhD completion, university entry, major depression and vascular dementia. I am sure that when I was researching and writing, I was not as attentive to the needs of my loved ones as I ought to have been. My apologies to you all. Books have a price for writers’ families, too.
REFERENCES
Adamala, K. and Szostak, J. W., ‘Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells’,
Science,
vol. 342, 2013, pp. 1098–100.
Administrative Framework of OSRD,
Organizing Scientific Research for War,
New York, Little, Brown, 1948.
Ageno, M., ‘Deoxyribonucleic acid code’,
Nature,
vol. 195, 1962, pp. 998–9.
Allison, A. C., ‘Two lessons from the interface of genetics and medicine’,
Genetics,
vol. 166, 2004, pp. 1591–9.
Anderson, T. F., ‘Electron microscopy of phages’, in J. Cairns, G. S. Stent and J. D. Watson (eds),
Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology,
Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, 1966, pp. 63–78.
Annett, R., Habibi, H. R. and Hontela, A., ‘Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment’,
Journal of Applied Toxicology,
vol. 34, 2014, pp. 458–79.
Anonymous, ‘Award of the Gold Medal of the New York Academy of Medicine’,
Science,
vol. 100, 1944, pp. 328–9.
Anonymous,
Symposium on Information Theory,
London, Ministry of Supply, 1950.
Anonymous, ‘Biochemistry in Russia: Impressions gained at the Fifth International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow’,
British Medical Journal,
vol. 5253, 1961, pp. 701–3.
Anonymous, ‘NIH researchers crack the genetic code’,
Medical World News,
vol. 3, 1962, pp. 18–19.
Anonymous, ‘Central dogma reversed’,
Nature,
vol. 226, 1970, pp. 1198–9.
Anonymous, ‘Max Delbrück – How it was (Part 2)’,
Engineering and Science,
43 (5), 1980, pp. 21–7.
Anonymous, ‘Anfisen’s cage’,
Nature Structural Biology,
vol. 4, 1997, p. 675.
Apter, M. J. and Wolpert, L., ‘Cybernetics and development: I. Information theory’,
Journal of Theoretical Biology,
vol. 8, 1965, pp. 244–57.
Arai, J. A., Li, S., Hartley, D. M. and Feig, L. A., ‘Transgenerational rescue of a genetic defect in long-term potentiation and memory formation by juvenile enrichment’,
Journal of Neuroscience,
vol. 29, 2009, pp. 1496–502.
Archibald, J.,
One Plus One Equals One: Symbiosis and the Evolution of Complex Life,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Ashburner, M.,
Won for All: How the
Drosophila
Genome Was Sequenced,
Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2006.
Astbury, W. T., ‘X-ray studies of nucleic acids’,
Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology,
vol. 1, 1947, pp. 66–76.
Attar, N., ‘Raymond Gosling: the man who crystallized genes’,
Genome Biology,
vol. 14, 2013, p. 402.
Augenstine, L. G., ‘Protein structure and information content’, in H. P. Yockey, R. L. Platzman and H. Quastler (eds),
Symposium on Information Theory in Biology,
London, Pergamon, 1958, pp. 103–23.
Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M. and McCarty, M., ‘Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Induction of transformation by a desoxyribosenucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III’,
Journal of Experimental Medicine,
vol. 79, 1944, pp. 137–58.
Axelsson, E., Ratnakumar, A., Arendt, M.-L.
et al.,
‘The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet’,
Nature,
vol. 495, 2013, pp. 360–4.
Baaske, P., Weinert, F. M., Duhr, S.
et al.,
‘Extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 104, 2007, pp. 9346–51.
Bada, J. L. and Lazcano, A., ‘Stanley Miller’s 70th birthday’,
Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere,
vol. 30, 2000, pp. 107–12.
Bar-Hillel, Y., ‘Semantic information and its measures’, in H. von Foerster, M. Mead and H. L. Teuber (eds),
Cybernetics: Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biology and Social Systems,
New York, Josiah Macy, Jr Foundation, 1953, pp. 33–48.
Barrell, B. G., Bankier, A. T. and Drouin, J., ‘A different genetic code in human mitochondria’,
Nature,
vol. 282, 1979, pp. 189–94.
Basilio, C., Wahba, A. J., Lengyel, P.
et al.,
‘Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code, V’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 48, 1962, pp. 613–16.
Beadle, G., ‘The role of the nucleus in heredity’, in W. D. McElroy and B. Glass (eds),
A Symposium on the Chemical Basis of Heredity,
Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957, pp. 3–22.
Beadle, G. W. and Tatum, E. L., ‘Genetic control of biochemical reactions in
Neurospora’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 27, 1941, pp. 499–506.
Bearn, A. G., ‘Oswald T. Avery and the Copley Medal of the Royal Society’,
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,
vol. 39, 1996, pp. 550–5.
Beckwith, J., ‘The operon as paradigm: Normal science and the beginning of biological complexity’,
Journal of Molecular Biology,
vol. 409, 2011, pp. 7–13.
Behura, S. K. and Severson, D. W., ‘Codon usage bias: causative factors, quantification methods and genome-wide patterns: with emphasis on insect genomes’,
Biological Reviews,
vol. 88, 2013, pp. 49–61.
Belozersky, A. N. and Spirin, A. S., ‘A correlation between the compositions of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids’,
Nature,
vol. 182, 1958, pp. 1–2.
Bennett, G. M. and Moran, N. A., ‘Small, smaller, smallest: the origins and evolution of ancient dual symbioses in a phloem-feeding insect’,
Genome Biology and Evolution,
vol. 5, 2013, pp. 1675–88.
Bennett, S., ‘Norbert Wiener and control of anti-aircraft guns’,
IEEE Control Systems,
December 1994, pp. 58–62.
Bennett, S., ‘A brief history of automatic control’,
IEEE Control Systems,
June 1996, pp. 17–24.
Benzer, S., ‘The elementary units of heredity’, in W. D. McElroy and B. Glass (eds),
A Symposium on the Chemical Basis of Heredity,
Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957, pp. 70–93.
Benzer, S., ‘On the topology of the genetic fine structure’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 45, 1959, pp. 1607–20.
Benzer, S., ‘On the topography of the genetic fine structure’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 47, 1961, pp. 403–15.
Benzer, S., ‘Adventures in the rII region’, in J. Cairns, G. S. Stent and J. D. Watson (eds),
Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology,
Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, 1966, pp. 157–65.
Benzer, S., Interview by Heidi Aspaturian. Pasadena, California, September 1990–February 1991. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives.
http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/27/1/OH_Benzer_S.pdf
, 1991.
Berg, P., ‘Meetings that changed the world. Asilomar 1975: DNA modification secured’,
Nature,
vol. 455, 2008, pp. 290–1.
Berg, P. and Singer, M.,
George Beadle, an Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the Twentieth Century,
Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2003.
Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Boyer, H. W.
et al.,
‘Potential biohazards of recombinant DNA molecules’,
Science,
vol. 185, 1974, p. 303.
Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Brenner, S.
et al.,
‘Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules’,
Science,
vol. 188, 1975, pp. 991–4.
Berget, S. M., Moore, C. and Sharp, P. A., ‘Spliced segments at the 5′ terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
vol. 74, 1977, pp. 3171–5.
Bergstrom, C. T. and Rosvall, M., ‘The transmission sense of information’,
Biology and Philosophy,
vol. 26, 2011a, pp. 159–76.
Bergstrom, C. T. and Rosvall, M., ‘Response to commentaries on “The transmission sense of information”’,
Biology and Philosophy,
vol. 26, 2011b, pp. 195–200.
Berk, A. J. and Sharp, P. A., ‘Ultraviolet mapping of the adenovirus 2 early promoters’,
Cell,
vol. 12, 1977, pp. 45–55.
Bernardi, G., ‘Isochores and the evolutionary genomics of vertebrates’,
Gene,
vol. 241, 2000, pp. 3–17.
Berry, M. J., Banu, L., Harney, J. W. and Larsen, P. R., ‘Functional characterization of the eukaryotic SECIS elements which direct selenocysteine insertion at UGA codons’,
The EMBO Journal,
vol. 12, 1993, pp. 3315–22.
Beurton, P., Falk, F. and Rheinberger, H.-J.,
The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Bhattacharjee, Y., ‘The vigilante’,
Science,
vol. 343, 2014, pp. 1306–9.
Birnbaum, R. Y., Clowney, E. J., Agamy, O.
et al.,
‘Coding exons function as tissue-specific enhancers of nearby genes’,
Genome Research,
vol. 22, 2012, pp. 1059–68.
Biscoe, J., Pickels, E. G. and Wyckoff, R. W. G., ‘An air-driven ultracentrifuge for molecular sedimentation’,
Journal of Experimental Medicine,
vol. 64, 1936, pp. 39–45.
Bohlin, G.,
BOOK: Life's Greatest Secret
11.89Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

Her Wild Bear by West, Heather
All the Pretty Lies by M. Leighton
Space and Time Issue 121 by Hildy Silverman
Forsaken by the Others by Jess Haines
Red Queen by Christina Henry
Blood Trails by Sharon Sala
The Hollow Queen by Elizabeth Haydon