Louis S. Warren (107 page)

72. Roth, Bram Stoker, 136; Belford, Bram Stoker, 121, 173–74; Leatherdale, Dracula, 70; Maggie Kilgour, “Stoker's Defence of Poetry,” 50, in
Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis, and
the Gothic,
ed. William Hughes and Andrew Smith (New York: St. Martin's, 1998), 47–61.

73. Belford,
Bram Stoker,
178–79; Farson,
Man Who Wrote Dracula,
84–87.

74. Belford,
Bram Stoker,
270.

75. Farson,
Man Who Wrote Dracula,
164–65. Also Hindle, “Introduction,” xvi–xvii; Kilgour, “Stoker's Defence of Poetry,” 49–50; Jerrold E. Hogle, “Stoker's Counterfeit Gothic,” 210, in Hughes and Smith ed.,
Bram Stoker,
205–24; Nina Auerbach,
Romantic Imprisonment:
Women and Other Glorified Outcasts
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 269–70; Belford,
Bram Stoker,
5, 106, 270; Leatherdale,
Dracula,
82–83.

76. “Henry Irving,”
Chicago Tribune,
Oct. 22, 1883, p. 1; “Henry Irving in America,”
The Era,
Sept. 11, 1886, p. 19; “The ‘Wild West' Show,”
The Era,
Sept. 18, 1886, p. 10; Russell,
Lives and Legends,
328; Sell and Weybright,
Buffalo Bill and the Wild West,
151; Horace Porter to William Cody, Feb. 10, 1887, “Invitations and Letters 1887–1891,” Microfilm Reel, BBHC.

77. For Cody's plans to visit the UK, see Cody,
Life of Buffalo Bill,
364. For Irving's social stature: “Address by Mr. Henry Irving,”
Glasgow Evening News,
Nov. 10, 1891, p. 7; Jeffrey Richards, ed.,
Sir Henry Irving: Theatre, Culture, and Society—Essays, Addresses, and
Lectures
(Keele, UK: Ryburn Publishers, 1994), esp. 7.

78. Belford,
Bram Stoker,
71.

79. Untitled clipping,
The Era,
April 23, 1887, Johnny Baker Scrapbook, DPL-WHR.

80. For Irving at opening day, see “What the World Says,”
The World
(UK), April 27, 1887, p. 17; “The American Exhibition and Wild West Show,”
Pall Mall Gazette
(UK), May 10, 1887, p. 11; Irving's private box is in
The World
(UK), May 11, 1887, p. 16; for dinner see
Illustrated Bits
(UK), May 7, 1887, p. 11; Cody also attended dinner backstage during the last night of the Lyceum run in 1887; see “Court and Society,”
Court and Society
(UK), July 20, 1887, p. 52. For another gathering attended by Irving, Cody, and Stoker, see “Mansion House Dramatic Luncheon, Wednesday, June 15, 1887, Plan of Tables,” in Papers of Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, Reel 21, 52/48–49. For invitations, see E. Yates to WFC, June 7, 1887, “Letters and Invitations, 1887–88,” BBHC; photograph in Papers of Henry Irving and Ellen Terry; also Gallop,
Buffalo Bill's British Wild West,
65.

81. For burlesque and melodrama, see “Yesterday's Amusements,”
Lloyds,
Dec. 6, 1887, and untitled clipping,
American Register,
n.d., and untitled clipping,
Penny Illustrated News,
June 25, 1887, all in Julia Cody Goodman (henceforth JCG) Scrapbook, MS 58, NSHS; for Gilbert and Sullivan, see
Illustrated Bits
(UK), Sept. 10, 1887, p. 6.

82. “Buffalo Bill as a Leader of Fashion,”
Birmingham Daily Mail,
clipping in JCG Scrapbook, Aug. 15, 1887, MS 58, NSHS.

83. “The American Exhibition and Wild West Show,”
Pall Mall Gazette
(UK), May 10, 1887, p. 11.

84.
Illustrated Bits
(UK), March 26, 1887, p. 7;
Illustrated Bits
(UK), May 21, 1887, 3.

85. “Texan cow-boy” is in
Illustrated Bits
(UK), May 28, 1887, p. 4; Cody as Faust in “Waiting Verification,”
Punch,
May 7, 1887, n.p., clipping in Papers of Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, Reel 21, Item 52/19.

86. Henry Irving to Cody, May [date illegible] 1887, “Invitations and Letters, 1887–1895,”

Microfilm Reel, BBHC.

87. See note 58 above.

88. “The Wild West at Horfield,”
Bristol
(
UK
)
Evening News,
Sept. 28, 1891, Crager Scrapbook, 1891–92, BBHC.

89. “The Lorgnette,”
Glasgow Evening News
(UK), Nov. 28, 1891, p. 1.

90. WFC to Stoker, July 25, 1887; WFC to Stoker, May 6, 1892; WFC to Stoker, n.d., Brotherton Collection, Leeds University; Stoker to Nate Salsbury, Oct. 30, 1893, YCAL MSS 17, NSP.

91. The story, “The Squaw,” appeared in 1893. Bram Stoker,
Midnight Tales,
ed. Peter Haining (London: Peter Owen, 1990), 85–97. Both the 1887 London program and Cody's calling card, which was in Stoker's possession, informed the public about Cody's Nebraska home. “Buffalo Bill's Wild West from the Plains of America,” n.p., M Cody Box 6 Misc., DPL-WHR; WFC to Stoker, n.d., Brotherton Collection, Leeds University. For the connection of “The Squaw” to Quincey Morris, Leatherdale,
Dracula,
130; Belford,
Bram Stoker,
178.

92. Bram Stoker,
The Shoulder of Shasta,
ed. Alan Johnson (1895; rprt. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 2000), 27–28, 99–100.

93. See Alan Johnson's annotations in Stoker,
Shoulder of Shasta,
27, 115–17.

94. Alan Johnson, “Introduction,” in Stoker,
Shoulder of Shasta,
15, 17, also 118 n. 1.

95. Bederman,
Manliness and Civilization;
Lears,
No Place of Grace;
G. Edward White,
The
Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore
Roosevelt, and Owen Wister
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989); Alex Nemerov,
FredericRemington and Turn-of-the-Century America
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Truettner,
The West as America.

96. See chapter 9.

97. See programs for these and other years in DPL-WHR, M Cody Programs, and at BBHC. For composition of show in London, see “The Queen in London. Visit to Westminster and the American Exhibition,”
Daily Telegraph
(London), May 12, 1887, clipping in Annie Oakley Scrapbook, BBHC, and “Programme of Exhibition Before the Queen,” 1887, in
Souvenir Album of the Visit of Her Majesty Queen Victoria to the American Exhibition
(London, 1887), copy in BBHC.

98. Walkowitz,
City of Dreadful Delight;
Hindle, “Introduction,” x.

99. Untitled,
The World
(UK), May 11, 1887, p. 10.

100. Richard White compares the frontiers of Turner and Cody in White, “Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill.” For Anglo-Saxonism: Anderson,
Race and Rapprochement,
1–70, esp. 39–45, 57–61; Frank N. Hankins,
The Racial Basis of Civilization: A Critique of the
Nordic Doctrine
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), 159–63; Horsman,
Race and Manifest
Destiny,
62–97; Roosevelt,
Winning of the West;
Owen Wister, “The Evolution of the Cow-Puncher,”
Harper's Magazine
91 (1895): 610, reprinted in Ben Merchant Vorpahl,
My Dear Wister: The Frederic Remington–Owen Wister Letters
(Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Co., 1972), 77–96.

101. The late Victorian scholarship on Aryanism is enormous. The best history of the myth itself is Leon Poliakov,
The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe,
trans. Edmund Howard (London: Chatto Heinemann for Sussex University Press, 1974). Other sources consulted include Isaac Taylor,
The Origin of the Aryans
(New York: Humboldt Publishing Co., 1890); Charles Morris,
The Aryan Race: Its Origin and Its
Achievements (Chicago: S. C. Griggs and Company, 1888); V. Gordon Childe, The Aryans: A Study of Indo-European Origins (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926); Joseph P. Widney,
Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1907), 2 vols., esp. vol. 1, 10–25; Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European
History
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918), esp. 169–70, 233; Hankins,
Racial
Basis of Civilization,
esp. 20–32. For the impact of the Asian origins thesis on American thought generally, see Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny,
34–36; and Smith,
Virgin
Land,
37. Walt Whitman's Aryanism is expressed in his 1860 poem “Facing West from California Shores,” in Whitman,
Leaves of Grass,
92. Stoker was a devoted reader and defender of Whitman from his college days, particularly
Leaves of Grass.
“Bram Stoker's Correspondence with Walt Whitman,” in Stoker,
Dracula,
487–97. For views of Arthur MacArthur, see Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and
Empire-Building,
rev. ed. (1980; New York: Schocken Books, 1990), 317–18.

102. “The Jubilee,”
The World
(UK), June 22, 1887, p. 5. The theory was a common rationalization for the British acquisition of India. Thomas R. Metcalf,
Ideologies of the Raj
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 81–86.

103. Stoker was acquainted with premier Aryanists of his day, including Max Muller and Armenius Vambery. For Muller, see Frayling,
Vampyres,
343; Clemens Ruthner, “Blood-suckers with Teutonic Tongues: The German-Speaking World and the Origins of Dracula,” 60–61, in
Dracula: The Shade and the Shadow,
ed. Elizabeth Miller (Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 1998), 54–65. For Vambery: Stoker,
Dracula,
309, 518, n. 125; Belford,
Bram Stoker,
260. For Anglo-Saxonism: Quincey Morris is hailed as “a moral Viking” in the pages of
Dracula,
and Harold An Wolf, the English hero of Stoker's 1905 novel,
The Man,
finds that sea voyages in stormy weather revive “the old Berserker spirit.” Stoker endorsed the theories of the period's most popular Anglo-Saxonists, John Fiske and Edward Freeman, in Bram Stoker,
A Glimpse of America
(London: Sampson Low and Marston, 1886), 30–31. For Viking fixations in Britain, see Poliakov,
Aryan
Myth,
39; Andrew Wawn,
The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in
Nineteenth-Century Britain (Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 2000); Paul C. Sinding, The
Northmen
(New York: published for the author, 1880), 19–20. For Stoker and storms, Belford,
Bram Stoker,
194. To Stoker, racial alliance could mitigate racial decay. Thus, in his novels
Lady Athlyne, The Mystery of the Sea, The Lady of the Shroud,
and
The Man,
and in
Dracula,
we find Stoker's English, German, American, and Dutch characters reenergizing their flagging bloodlines through infusions of “pioneer blood,” often Viking blood, from racial relatives. William Hughes,
Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and Its
Cultural Context
(New York: St. Martins Press, 2000), 59. Stoker's beliefs in the advantages of miscegenation between “the right races” were in keeping with contemporary racial thought, which held that race mixing among purer Aryan descendants was one way of ensuring the continued viability of Aryan civilization. Thus, the English themselves were a mix of Viking, Celt, and other white races, as were the Americans in the works of Frederick Jackson Turner and Theodore Roosevelt. Bederman,
Manliness and Civilization,
179; Roosevelt,
Winning of the West,
vol. 1.

104. Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny,
34–36; Smith,
Virgin Land;
Poliakov,
Aryan Myth,
197–99.

105. George Earle Buckle, ed.
The Letters of Queen Victoria,
1886–1901,
3rd series, 3 vols. (London: John Murray, 1930), 1: 308.

106. “Mistaken Identity,” untitled cartoon, in JCG Scrapbook, MS 58, Box 1, NSHS.

107. Untitled clipping,
The Times,
Nov. 1, 1887, “Letters and Invitations, 1887–88,” BBHC;

“The Wild West Show,”
The Era,
April 23, 1887, Johnny Baker Scrapbook, DPL-WHR. 108. George Stocking,
Victorian Anthropology
(New York: The Free Press, 1987), 64, 106;

Anderson,
Race and Rapprochement,
67; Bederman,
Manliness and Civilization,
179; Roosevelt,
Winning of the West,
1:23. Even before he began writing
Dracula,
Stoker's thought about Americans was informed by a sense that the American environment had formed them into a new race. In his 1886 essay, “A Glimpse of America,” he outlined the “social conditions” that brought about “distinct methods of race development,” making Americans a more inventive and energetic race than the British. Stoker,
Glimpse of America,
12–23, 47–48. 109. “The Wild West Show,”
The Era,
April 23, 1887, Johnny Baker Scrapbook, DPL-WHR.

110. “Round the Coast with Buffalo Bill,”
Hull News
(UK), May 12, 1888, copy of clipping in Association Files, “Europe: BBWW,” BBHC.

111. DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 251–52.

112. Stephen Knight,
Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution
(London: Panther Books, 1976), 59; also Tom A. Cullen,
When London Walked in Terror
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 106.

113. “A ‘Wild West' Cowboy,”
The Era,
Aug. 20, 1887, p. 11; “The Giant Cowboy at the Middlesex Sessions,”
Islington News
(London), Aug. 27, 1887, p. 3; “Our Weekly Whirligig,”
Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday,
Sept. 3, 1887, p. 285; Gallop,
Buffalo Bill's British Wild West,
122–23.

114. “Incognita,”
Court and Society Review,
July 6, 1887, p. 12; Stoker saved a cartoon of “The American Invasion of England,”
Funny Folks,
Oct. 7, 1886, in Papers of Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, Reel 21, 51/57.