Marketplace of the Marvelous (45 page)

26.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 20–21; Thomson,
A New Guide to Health
, 40–48.

27.
Thomson,
A New Guide to Health
, 40–42, 48–52.

28.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 20–26; ibid., 62, 57.

29.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 42–44; Thomson,
New Guide to Health
, 62–65.

30.
Samuel Thomson, “Three Crafts,” in Thomson,
Learned Quackery Exposed
, 12–15.

31.
D. L. Terry, “The Botanic's Song of Liberty,”
Botanico-Medical Recorder
XII (September 21, 1844): 364–65.

32.
Flannery, “Early Botanical Medical Movement”; John S. Haller, “The Thomsonian System,” Lloyd Library and Museum,
http://www.lloydlibrary.org/Haller/hallerpoetrychtwo.html
.

33.
Samuel Thomson, “General Introduction,”
The Thomsonian Materia Medica or Botanic Family Physician
(Albany: J. Munsell, 1841), 8; Alex Berman, “The Thomsonian Movement and its Relation to American Pharmacy and Medicine,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
25 (1951): 405, 406.

34.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 30–31.

35.
W. A. A., “Thomsonism,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
(January 16, 1839): 19, 24, American Periodicals, accessed September 5, 2012; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 32.

36.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 35–40.

37.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 16, 23.

38.
Ibid., 33.

39.
Samuel Thomson, “Calomel,” in Thomson,
Learned Quackery Exposed
, 10.

40.
Thomson,
Narrative of the Life
, 17.

41.
Holmes,
Medical Essays
, 379.

42.
J. Dickson Smith,
Rational Medicine and Thomsonism: An Essay
(Macon, GA: Telegraph Steam Printing House, 1859), 31–32.

43.
Lebergott, “Wage Trends,” 462.

44.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 33; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 41–42.

45.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 41.

46.
Quoted in James Harvey Young, “American Medical Quackery in the Age of the Common Man,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
47, no. 4 (March 1961): 582–83.

47.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 146–47, 154–55.

48.
“Thomsonian Dinner,”
Hagerstown (MD) Mail
, May 24, 1839.

49.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 38; Rothstein, “Botanical Movements and Orthodox Medicine,” 46; Thomson,
New Guide to Health
, 134.

50.
An Observer [Samuel Thomson], “Doggerel Verses; A Paraphrase on a Chapter in the History—Or, a Compend of the History of Mr. Aaron Dow,”
Thomsonian Manual
2 (September 15, 1837): 175.

51.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 37–38; Thomas Sewall, “On the Use of Arsenic in Cancerous Complaints,”
New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery
4 (April 1815): 111.

52.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 39.

53.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 40.

54.
“Public Notice,”
Columbian Centinel and American Federalist
(Boston), August 6, 1825.

55.
Rothstein, “Botanical Movements and Orthodox Medicine,” 45.

56.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 40.

57.
Samuel Thomson, “To the Public,”
Thomsonian Recorder
2 (1833): 10; “Proceedings of the Convention of the Friendly Botanic Societies of the United States, Held at Baltimore,”
Thomsonian Recorder
3 (October 1834): 72–73.

58.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 148.

59.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 52.

60.
Thomson,
New Guide To Health
, 73–74.

61.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 45.

62.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 52.

63.
Ibid., 251.

64.
Flannery, “Early Botanical Medical Movement.”

65.
Ibid.

66.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 46.

67.
Thomson,
New Guide to Health
, 132.

68.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 83.

69.
T. Hersey,
The Thomsonian Recorder
2, no. 9 (February 1, 1834): 133.

70.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 39; US Census,
Abstract of the Fifth Census of the United States, 1830
http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1830.html
.

71.
Thomson,
New Guide To Health
, 130–31.

72.
Ibid.; M. Simpson et al., “Raspberry Leaf in Pregnancy: Its Safety and Efficacy in Labor,”
Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health
46 (March–April 2001): 51–59.

73.
Stephen Lyng,
Holistic Health and Biomedical Medicine: A Countersystem Analysis
(Albany: SUNY Press, 1990), 182–87; Janet Farrell Brodie,
Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 149–50.

74.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 125–27.

75.
Ibid., 126.

76.
“More Quack Murder,”
New York Courier
, reprinted in
Daily National Intelligencer
(Washington, DC), June 2, 1885.

77.
Daniel Drake,
The People's Doctors
(Cincinnati: The People, 1830), 59–60.

78.
“Influence of Quackery on Health, Morals, &c,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
39 (January 10, 1849): 471–80, American Periodicals, accessed September 5, 2012.

79.
Thomson,
New Guide to Health
, 72; Haller,
People's Doctor
, 127; William G. Rothstein,
American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 146–49.

80.
Thomson,
Narrative of the Life
, 87–105; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 43; Haller,
People's Doctor
, 129.

81.
Benjamin Waterhouse and Robert D. Montgomery, “Communications,”
Daily National Intelligencer
(Washington, DC), June 2, 1835.

82.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 123–24.

83.
Berman, “The Thomsonian Movement,” 405–28.

84.
Rothstein, “Botanical Movements and Orthodox Medicine,” 46.

85.
J. P. Shepherd, “Communication,”
Botanico-Medical Recorder
6 (1838): 129–30.

86.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 159.

87.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 45; John S. Haller,
Kindly Medicine: Physio-Medicalism in America, 1836–1911
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997), 27–28.

88.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 45.

89.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 90–93.

90.
Alva Curtis, “Notes,”
Thomsonian Recorder
4 (1836): 188.

91.
Samuel Thomson, “Please to Take Notice,”
Thomsonian Manual
1 (1836):140.

92.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 46–47; Haller,
People's Doctor
, 84–111.

93.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 47.

94.
Haller,
Medical Protestants
, 92.

95.
Quoted in Alex Berman and Michael Flannery,
America's Botanico-Medical Movements: Vox Populi
(New York: Informa Healthcare, 2001), 120.

96.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 46–48; Haller,
People's Doctor
, 103–5.

97.
John S. Haller,
A Profile in Alternative Medicine: The Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, 1845–1942
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 15–20.

98.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 39.

99.
Thomson,
New Guide to Health
, 7–8, 12–16.

100.
Haller,
People's Doctor
, 1–4; O. S. Fowler, “Phrenological Developments of Dr. Samuel Thomson,”
Phrenological Almanac
13 (1845): 359–60.

1.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 55.

2.
Ibid., 55–56; Ruth Clifford Engs,
Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001), 71–72.

3.
Untitled article,
Phrenological Journal
68, no. 6 (June 1879): 288–92; Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 55–57.

4.
Fenster,
Mavericks, Miracles and Medicine
, 189–90.

5.
Ibid., 190.

6.
Ibid., 192.

7.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 122; Simpson, “Phrenology and the Neurosciences,” 475–76.

8.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 123–24.

9.
Simpson, “Phrenology and the Neurosciences,” 476.

10.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 28–30.

11.
George P. Landow, “Emanuel Swedenborg's Vision of Christ,” Victorian Web,
http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/swedenborg2.html;
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 119–121; Finger,
Origins of Neuroscience
, 29–31.

12.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 126–27.

13.
Simpson, “Phrenology and the Neurosciences,” 477.

14.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 130.

15.
Ibid., 126–27.

16.
Ibid., 126–30.

17.
Greenblatt, “Phrenology,” 793–94.

18.
Paul,
Cult of Personality Testing
, 7.

19.
Robert E. Riegel, “The Introduction of Phrenology to the United States,”
American Historical Review
39, no. 1 (October 1933): 74.

20.
Greenblatt, “Phrenology,” 794.

21.
Thurs,
Science Talk
, 25–26.

22.
J. Collins Warren, “The Collection of the Boston Phrenological Society: A Retrospect,”
Annals of Medical History
3 (Spring 1921): 6; Dominic Hall, “James Roberton Returns,”
CHoM (Center for the History of Medicine) News
, Harvard Medical School,
https://cms.www.countway.harvard.edu/wp/?p=2439
.

23.
Nelson Sizer, “Remarks” in “The Semi-Centennial of Spurzheim,”
Phrenological Journal
76 (January 1883): 27–30.

24.
Wrobel, “Introduction,” in Wrobel,
Pseudoscience and Science
, 13.

25.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 121.

26.
John van Wyhe, “George Combe (1788–1858): Phrenologist and Natural Philosopher,” Victorian Web,
http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/combe.html
.

27.
Tomlinson, “Phrenology, Education, and the Politics of Human Nature,” 12–15.

28.
Finger,
Minds Behind the Brain
, 131; Emerson quoted in Robert D. Richardson Jr. and Barry Moser,
Emerson: The Mind on Fire
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 100.

29.
“Phrenology,”
Ladies' Magazine
6 (1833): 11.

30.
Derek Hodson and Bob Prophet, “A Bumpy Start to Science Education,”
New Scientist
(August 14, 1986): 26–27.

31.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 121.

32.
Paul,
Cult of Personality
, 8.

33.
Thurs,
Science Talk
, 29–31; O. S. Fowler, L. N. Fowler, and Samuel Kirkham,
Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied
(Philadelphia: Fowler and Brevoort, 1839), 46–47, 56–59.

34.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 122.

35.
Paul,
Cult of Personality
, 8.

36.
Alice Dixon, “A Lesser-Known Daughter of Nantucket: Lydia,”
Historic Nantucket
41 (Winter 1993–94): 60–62; John B. Blake, “Lydia Folger Fowler,” Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary (Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe College, 1971), 654–55.

37.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 166–68.

38.
“How to Take Plaster Casts,”
American Phrenological Journal
(1838–69): 87, American Periodicals, accessed January 10, 2012; Colbert,
Measure of Perfection
, 21–24.

39.
Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 29–31, 52.

40.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 122.

41.
Thomas F. Gossett,
Race: The History of an Idea in America
(New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997), 72–76; Colbert,
Measure of Perfection
, 24–29; Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 55–58.

42.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 122.

43.
Thurs,
Science Talk
, 29; Tomlinson, “Phrenology, Education, and the Politics of Human Nature,” 2.

44.
Young, “Orson Squire Fowler,” 122; Stern,
Heads and Headlines
, 36–37.