Master of the Senate (240 page)

All dates are 1957 unless otherwise noted.

Price too high:
Reedy,
LBJ
, p. 114.
“Now completely”:
Reedy to Johnson, undated, Box 420, JSP.
Had to find allies:
Evans and Novak,
LBJ: Exercise
, pp. 141–42; Shuman OH.

The Hells Canyon issue:
Drukman,
Wayne Morse
, particularly pp. 230–31, 267–68, 285, 302; Gunther,
Inside U.S.A
., pp. 127–29; Smith,
Wayne Morse
, pp. 304–07, 343–47; “The Hells Canyon Controversy,”
Congress and the Nation
,
1945–1964
(Washington: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1965).
“Last year the governors …”:
undated, pp. 23–25, “Interior—Hells Canyon” folder, Box 288, JSP; Carver, Ward Hower, McCulloch, Shuman interviews.

McKay’s “giveaway”; “shocking”:
Drukman, p. 230; Smith,
Wayne Morse
, p. 343;
W P
, June 9;
NYP
, June 21.
“Republican”:
Smith, p. 305.
“Tooth and nail”:
Carver interview. For an example of Senate speeches on the subject, see Mansfield’s in
CR
, 85/1, pp. 9775–76.

“Irrelevant”:
Fite,
Russell
, p. 340; Wicker,
W-SJ
, June 22.

Secret deal:
Merton Bernstein interview.
Long:
“I had voted against the high dam in Hells Canyon because Herman Welker had supported my position in the Tidelands,” Long OH II, p. 4.

Negro population of Mountain States:
The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1956
, p. 259.
“I began”:
Johnson, quoted in Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson
, p. 150.
Arranging the deal:
Fite, p. 340.
“With Herman”:
Long OH II, p. 6.
“Look”:
Siegel OH IV, p. 3.
“I need”:
Pearson,
WP
, June 20; Shuman, quoted in
NYP
, June 27. Pearson wrote in this column that “although Murray was tempted, …no deal was made.” But Murray did, in the event, vote with the South despite his earlier support for civil rights. See, for example, Rowe interview, and
WP
, June 21. Steinberg, among others, says, “Russell now proposed a swap…. Five northern liberal senators agreed,” and names Murray as one (Steinberg,
Sam Johnson’s Boy
, p. 469).
Southern votes available:
Steinberg,
Sam Johnson’s Boy
, p. 469; Rowe interview.
Johnson spelled out:
Smith,
Wayne Morse
, p. 344.

Russell agreed:
Steinberg,
Sam Johnson’s Boy
, p. 469.
“In return”:
Johnson, in Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson
, p. 150.
Luncheon conversation:
Bernstein interview.
“Put together”:
Long OH III, p. 4.
As few as possible:
Ward Hower, McCulloch interviews.

Humphrey, Douglas, Eastland encounter:
Javits,
Autobiography
, pp. 325–26.

Discouragement in White House:
Pearson in
WP
, June 9.
“Prospects”:
NYT
, May 23.
Morrow’s memo:
Morrow Papers, Records Box 10, DDEL.
“Turn up the heat”:
clipping, June 6, Box 2030, JSP.
Rayburn’s rulings, Republican moves:
NYT, WP, NYHT
, June 14–22.
“Teaming up”:
WP
, June 16.
“Don’t”:
Russell, in
W P
, June 20.
45 to 39 vote; the very next item:
CR
, 85/1, p. 9827.
Johnson voted with:
NYT
, June 21.
“I desire”:
Johnson,
CR
, 85/1, p. 9832.
“A surprise”:
WP
, June 22, 1957.
Analysis of votes:
“UNITED STATES SENATE VOTE ON PASSAGE OF S. 555…. June 21, 1957”; Lyndon Johnson’s tally sheet, undated but with “Hells Canyon,” written in his handwriting on top, both Box 1299, JSP;
W P
, June 22. Senator Arthur V. Watkins (R-Utah) said, “Civil rights yesterday had a lot to do with the vote today—more than most people realize.” Wicker wrote in the
W-SJ
(June 22), “Southern Democrats apparently assured themselves of a trial by jury amendment” by their Hells Canyon vote. “Authoritative sources indicate that the Southern action was a
quid
for which they expect to receive a
quo
composed of a trial-by-jury amendment to the civil rights bill.

“Western Democrats handed southerners five votes—not enough to sustain their position
but enough, as one observer put it, ‘to let ’em know where the votes are.’ A source within liberal ranks reported his belief that western senators would now deliver enough votes for a jury trial amendment.”

Church’s maiden speech:
NYT, WP
, other papers, June 22.
“Magnificent”:
Ashby and Gramer,
Fighting the Odds
, p. 80.
“Boy orator”:
WS
, Jan. 11; quoted in Ashby and Gramer, p. 81.
Photograph:
NYT
, June 22.
“It made him”:
Ward Hower interview.
Only a temporary:
Church OH; Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, p. 188.
“If this bill”:
Church OH.
“All credit”:
Church to Johnson, June 22, Box 41, LBJA CF.
“If it”:
Neuberger,
AA-S
, June 28.

“A vicious”:
AP story in
W-SJ
, June 22.
“No deal”:
Mansfield, in UP story, in
W-SJ
, June 24. He also said he hoped “the author (Sen. Potter) will reconsider his position and retract a statement which is untrue on the face of it” (AP in
W-SJ
, June 22).
“Civil rights yesterday”:
Watkins,
W P
, June 22.
“A deal”:
Alcorn in
WP
, June 24.
“Fellows supposed”:
NYT
, June 22.

“Frank, I’m afraid”:
Douglas,
Fullness of Time
, p. 287;
Newsweek
(July 1) said: “In any event, the bill was not expected to be taken up by the House this session, and even if it passed there, President Eisenhower would certainly veto it.”
“Look”:
Childs, in
NYP
, June 26.
“Beat down”:
WP
, June 22.
“The action”:
NYT
, June 23.
Liberal caucus:
Drew Pearson described it in his
WP
column of June 22. His description is apparently based on his handwritten notes, which are found in Pearson Papers, Box G201 LBJL. The senator who gave him the information was apparently Morse, for a handwritten note (not in Pearson’s handwriting) in the upper-right-hand corner of the first page says, “file—Morse.” Douglas, describing the caucus himself, wrote: “I told Morse to his face that his action was unpardonable. If he had experienced an honest conversion from his earlier position, he should have informed me before taking the floor. Morse left the room in anger. The break was complete….” (Douglas,
Fullness of Time
, p. 286).
“Authoritative”:
Wicker,
W-SJ
, June 22.

All dates are 1957 unless otherwise noted.

“It was Part III”:
Rauh OH.
Feelings of liberals and Republicans:
For example,
NYP
editorial, June 23; Stokes,
WS
, June 27. Brownell, Harlow, McCulloch, Rauh, Reedy, Rogers, Rowe, Shuman, Yarborough interviews.
“Racial integration”:
NYHT
, July 15.
As the Senate:
WS
, July 4; Childs,
W P
, June 26; Stokes,
NYP
, June 27;
W P
, June 23, July 4;
NYT
, June 28, July 1; Alsop,
W P
, July 3;
Time
, July 1; Minnich, LLM (handwritten notes), July 9; June 27; July 2, Box 4, DDEL; Brownell, Harlow, McCulloch, Rauh, Reedy, Steele interviews.

Russell speech:
CR
, 85/1, pp. 10771–78.
Atmosphere on Senate floor as he spoke:
Mann,
Walls of Jericho
, pp. 192–94. Although Mann says that Russell spoke “in his usual low voice,” this was not the case after he got to the Reconstruction portion of his speech, according to several persons who heard it, including McCulloch, Rauh, and Zweben, and others recall Russell’s statement about putting “black heels on white necks,” for example, as being delivered in a hoarse, shouting tone.
Two staff members:
Zweben interview.

Raising of discrepancies:
“Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary,” “U.S.
Senate
, 85th Cong.,
I
Sess, on S. 83 …,” Feb. 16, pp. 210–20. Perhaps the most complete analysis of the Brownell-Young exchanges is by Senator Ervin in
CR
, 85/1, pp. 11333–35. Ervin sums up his view of them by saying: “The Attorney General did not want to be asked whether the President of the United States would be empowered to call out the Army, the Navy, and the militia, under section 1993 of title 42, to enforce the decrees the Attorney General was asking the Congress to authorize him to obtain without trials by jury, under section 1985 of title 42…. Mr. Young was merely asking the Attorney General a question of law…. But I [Ervin] was never able to get an answer to that question…. Attorney General Brownell, who was asked that question, but did not answer it, is the gentleman who asks for the vast power which would be conferred on him by the bill …”

“No intrigue”; “an accident”; “so many hands”:
“A spokesman for the drafting group,” quoted in Krock, “The Part III Issue Made Clearer,”
NYT
, July 12. Rogers told the author the “spokesman” was actually Brownell, and Brownell, in an interview, repeated the gist of the contention Krock quotes.
“Mysterious”; “on the surface”:
Douglas,
Fullness of Time
, p. 288.
Russell and Young:
Young to Russell, June 17, Series III, A. Speech, Box 32, RBRL;
CR
, 85/1, pp. 10771–78; “Hearings,” pp. 214–15, 224–25.

“A landmark”:
CR
, 85/1, p. 10775.
“
CHAMPION
”:
NYT
, July 3.
“Subtle dramatist”:
Watson,
Lion in the Lobby
, pp. 383–86.
“Senators”:
Woodward, “The Great Civil Rights Debate,”
Commentary
, Oct. 1957.
“A violation”:
Coffin, “How Lyndon Johnson Engineered Compromise on Civil Rights Bill,”
The New Leader
, Aug. 5.

Eisenhower’s press conference:
Reston,
NYT
, July 4;
USN & WR
, July 12,
Telephone conversation:
Telephone conversation, July 3, AWNS, DDEL.
“He said”:
ACWD, Telephone Calls, July 3, Box 25, DDEL. Supporting Brownell’s contention are pp. 16–20 in Anderson,
Eisenhower
, which state that the first draft of the bill “said … explicitly” that Part III “could be used to initiate school desegregation suits” and that “the draftsmen wrote them as separate bills” and that it was at this point that “the Department’s lawyers began constructing the intricate chains of double and triple reference that were to give their final drafts an extraordinary technical complexity.” Support for Eisenhower’s contention that he had not understood the bill’s content is found, among other places, in his pre-press conference briefing of June 19. Summary notes state: “
Civil Rights
—President will say he is delighted it passed; very moderate bill, intended to persecute nobody. It was designed in the hope that all thinking Americans would see that it is the least that can be done” (DDEPP [1957], p. 357).
Republican senators’ reaction:
Harlow, Rogers interviews.
“I think”:
DDE to Swede Hazlett, July 22, AWNS, DDEL.
“Had waged”:
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, p. 410.

“Why”:
McCulloch interview.
“So I could”:
Shuman recalls Douglas saying he should have been told “so I could [have been] prepared when Senator Russell brought all this out” (Shuman interview).
“When”:
McCulloch interview.
Not “going”:
Mundt, quoted in Lincoln, “The Political Mill,”
WS
, July 25.
Southern Caucus:
Fite,
Russell
, p. 339; “The Rearguard Commander,”
Time
, Aug. 12; McConaughy to Williamson, July 31; “A Round for the South,”
Newsweek
, July 22;
NYT
, July 4.
“Instead of:
McConaughy to Williamson, July 31, SP.

“Given up”:
Corcoran interview.
Life on the ranch:
Rather, Stehling interviews.
“I hope”:
“Lyndon Johnson, Civil Rights and 1960,” Rowe to Johnson, July 3, Box 32, LBJA SN.
Only one guest:
July 4–5 page,
Appointment Book and Daily Memoranda
, 1957, Box 2, Desk Diaries of LBJ.
Corky in 1937:
Caro,
Path
, pp. 428–30.
Telephone call to Ava:
Ava Johnson Cox interview.

“Proceed”:
CR
, 85/1, pp. 10983, 10988.
“The price”; “did not”:
Mann, p. 199.
“Eisenhower’s invitation”:
NYT
, July 4.
“Aware”:
Evans and Novak,
LBJ: Exercise
, p. 132.
“Impassioned, emotional, poured out”; Eisenhower-Russell meeting:
Ambrose, p. 408.
“Poured out”:
“Georgia Giant,” quoted in Goldsmith,
Colleagues
, p. 61.
“Couldn’t say”:
Russell, quoted in
WS
, July 10.
“Indicated”:
Robertson to Jones, July 11, Dr. 45, File 2, Legislative Files, AWRP, College of William and Mary.
“Not at all”:
ACWD, 7/10, DDEL.