Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece (70 page)

Davis, Jack,
214

Delbrück, Hans,
23
,
135
,
138
–
40
,
144
,
269
,
270n.1

Demosthenes,
10
,
269

Detienne, Marcel,
138

Diodorus,
163

Donlan, Walter,
166

Droysen, Johann Gustav,
23

economic class: commercial class in the eighth century,
54n.125
; the gentleman farmer and the competition for wealth,
236
–
40
; of hoplites,
xii
,
176
–
80
,
194
–
95
,
259
–
61
; of landowners, models of historical development based on (
see
historical development
); leisure class, size of in Athens,
249n.59
; slave and master, relations between,
225
; Solon’s system of property classes,
229
–
33
(
see also
Solon
); tensions between rich and poor in Athens and Sparta,
232
–
33

Edwards, A.,
246n.17

Egypt, Greek mercenaries employed by rulers of,
184
–
85

Ehrenberg, Victor,
112
–
13

Epaminondas,
9

Eph’al, Israel,
100

equipment: armor (
see
armor
); Etruscan adoption of hoplite,
88
; nature of hoplite, impact of the yeoman farmer and,
243
–
44
; Near Eastern influence on Greek military,
99
–
100
; weapons (
see
weapons
); weight of,
8
,
127
–
28n.28
,
135
,
150n.6
,
265
–
66

Euripides,
137
,
168
–
69

evolutionary model for the Homeric texts,
89
–
90

Fagan, Garrett,
152n.73

feasting halls,
187
–
89

Ferrill, Arther,
100
,
102

Finley, Moses I.
45
,
56n.200
,
77
,
80
,
85

Forbes, Hamish,
166
,
172n.48

Forrest, W. G.
20
,
28
,
54n.125

Forsdyke, S.
122
,
130n.78
,
130n.82

Foxhall, Lin,
xvi
–
xvii
,
122
,
166
,
172n.48
,
229
–
30

Fraser, A. D.,
145
–
46
,
152n.63

Garlan, Yvon,
23
,
74
,
269

Garnsey, P.,
130n.78
,
172n.42
,
172n.48

Gawantka, Wilfried,
126n.6

Gerber, Douglas,
191n.21

Goldsworthy, Adrian,
143

Gomme, A. W.
145
,
269

grand hoplite narrative,
257
–
59
; bellicosity of the poleis and human nature,
262
–
63
; economic class of hoplites, question of,
259
–
61
(
see also
economic class
); fluid fighting described by revisionists, questions regarding,
263
–
65
; fourth-century battles that confirm the,
267
–
69
; long scholarly pedigree of,
xii
,
269
–
70
; phalanx warfare, late development vs. lengthy evolution of,
266
–
67
; warfare as a nearly constant and natural state,
261
–
62
; weight of hoplite armor, controversy over,
265
–
66
.
See also
historical development
;
hoplite orthodoxy
;
phalanx
,
hoplite

Greenhalgh, P.A.L.,
23
,
38
,
117

Griffith, G. T.,
23

Grote, George: on the evolution of military practice and political organization,
149
; historical sense, passage to,
50n.14
; Homeric society, argument for ninth-century,
49n.9
; Homeric warfare, view of,
44
–
45
; hoplite orthodoxy, contribution to,
xii
–
xiii
,
2
–
7
,
12
,
19
; on military practice,
137
; the phalanx, Tyrtaeus and dating of,
51n.55
; Pheidon of Argos, dating of,
50n.20
; political submission, Aristotle’s inability to explain his ancestors’,
50n.15

Grundy, G. B.: Corinthian helmet, weight of,
51n.36
; hoplite orthodoxy, contribution to,
7
–
12
,
17
–
19
,
21
,
28
,
269
; rugby analogy, use of,
144
–
45
,
151
–
52n.58

Hale, John,
148

Hanson, Victor Davis: age of men in the phalanxes,
168
; agrarian basis of hoplite development,
28
–
35
,
79
,
122
,
176
–
77
,
194
–
95
,
217
(
see also
historical development
); Aristotle on the hoplite phalanx, use of,
242
; arms and armor, weight of hoplite,
135
; collision of hoplites in battle,
118
,
142
–
43
; data sources used by,
195
; frequency of Greek warfare,
178
; Hesiod, the yeoman farmer thesis and,
226
–
29
; hoplite equipment and the phalanx,
100
,
243
; hoplite orthodoxy, contribution to,
xii
,
xv
–
xxvi
,
xx
–
xxi
,
21
–
28
,
134
–
35
; hoplite shield, distinctive characteristics of,
91
; hoplite shield and massed combat, view of,
58
–
59
; Laertes as example of yeoman farmer,
224
–
26
; material evidence of agricultural activity, the yeoman farmer thesis and,
235
–
36
; medieval warfare, the phalanx and,
53n.112
; pushing of hoplites in battle,
143
; Solon’s system of property classes, the yeoman farmer thesis and,
229
–
33
; spears, use of,
142
; Theognis and Phocylides, the yeoman farmer thesis and,
233
–
35
; Thucydides’ picture of the Spartan army, suspicions regarding,
141
; “ugly muscle” of farmers not rated as highly as “elegant muscle” of landowners,
243
; warships owned by city-states,
187
; yeoman farmer, model of historical development based on,
222
–
24
; yeoman/middling farmer, model of historical development based on (
see also
historical development
)

Hector,
120
–
21

Helbig, Wolfgang,
xiii
,
12
,
138

Henneberg, Macicj,
166
–
67

Henneberg, Renata,
166
–
67

Heraclitus,
261
–
62

Herodotus: Carians as inventors of military paraphernalia,
99
,
184
; division of forces by weapons,
149
; the grand hoplite narrative and,
269
; Greek mercenaries in Egypt,
184
; Homer, dating of,
3
; hoplite battles, characterization of,
178
; hoplites in Naxos, number of,
241
; “hoplite,” usage of,
137
; hoplite warfare, description of,
7
; hoplite warfare in terrain commonly found in Greece, absurdity of,
78
–
79
; Lykurgos, representation of,
77
; Persian military practices,
98
–
99
; “phalanx,” usage of,
137
; proportion of hoplites to light-armed soldiers at Plataea,
241
; pushing and shoving of hoplites,
143
–
44
,
146
; on the shield of Sophanes in battle,
136
; “stand at ease” command recorded by,
168

Hesiod: competition for wealth,
237
; on farmers,
226
–
29
,
234
; households and land, documenting of relationship between,
217
; moderation in pursuit of wealth urged by,
235
; noble halls, despising of men in,
189
; toil, ideology of,
238
; war ignored when talking of farmers,
97

hetairoi
,
188
–
89

Hippodamus of Miletus,
242

historical approach,
89
–
90

historical development: archaeological data and the yeoman farmer thesis,
235
–
36
; archaic history, basic dynamics of,
237
; the double-handled shield as tipping point in change of fighting styles,
78
; evidence of the yeoman farmer in archaic Greece,
224
–
36
; the gentleman farmer and the competition for wealth,
237
–
40
; Hanson’s yeoman farmer model of,
223
–
24
; Hesiod as support for yeoman farmer thesis,
226
–
29
; the hoplite phalanx and changing social/economic structures,
240
–
45
; Laertes as faulty example of yeoman farmer,
224
–
26
; of the polis, seventh-century agrarian and military revolutions underlying,
123
–
26
; population growth and,
122
,
223
; Solon’s property classes and the yeoman farmer thesis,
229
–
33
; Theognis and Phocylides, the yeoman farmer thesis and,
233
–
35
; van Wees’s gentleman farmer model of,
236
–
37
; yeoman/middling
vs
. gentlemen farmers as drivers of political and military change,
222
,
243
.
See also
grand hoplite narrative

Homer: agrarian property, military leadership and,
97
; dates of completion of the
Iliad
and
Odyssey
,
89
–
90
,
129n.55
; evolutionary model of,
89
–
90
; Greek voyages to the Near East, impact of,
181
; heroic contrasted with hoplite fighting style,
2
; history, precariousness of reading as,
78
,
129n.54
; the hoplite orthodoxy and,
xi
–
xiii
; hoplite style of fighting, rival interpretations of,
85
–
87
; iconographic images and,
63
; Laertes as faulty example of yeoman farmer,
224
–
26
; marginal land, ownership of,
238
; mass fighting in,
119
; mode of combat described in,
101
–
2
,
114
–
15
,
119
,
129n.56
,
130n.64
,
137
; “phalanx” used by,
137
; pushing by hoplites,
146
–
47
; “rustics” as herdsmen, not farmers,
234
; scholarly approaches to the interpretation of,
88
–
91
; seafaring expeditions of aristocrats and followers, praise for,
188
–
89
; value of, Grote’s position regarding,
4
; warfare in,
44
–
47
; wine as loot, Odysseus’ division of,
179

Homeric Question,
3
,
7

Hoplite Association,
136
,
171n.35

hoplite orthodoxy: Adcock’s contribution to,
16
–
18
; agricultural revolution, Hanson’s account of,
28
–
35
; Andrewes’ contribution to,
18
–
20
; battle, Hanson’s account of,
21
–
28
; brief overview of,
1
; Cartledge’s revision of,
38
–
39
; Cawkwell’s critique of,
43
–
44
; challenges to,
35
–
44
; gradualism, differences over degree of,
91
; the gradualist attack on,
xiv
–
xvii
,
114
; Grote’s contribution to,
xii
–
xiii
,
2
–
7
; Grundy’s contribution to,
7
–
12
; Hanson’s reassertion of,
xv
–
xvi
,
xx
–
xxi
; the hoplite revolution,
119
–
20
; Krentz’s gradualist critique of,
41
–
42
,
117
–
18
; the long scholarly pedigree of support for,
269
–
70
; Lorimer’s contribution to,
14
–
16
; Nilsson’s contribution to,
12
–
14
; revisionism, place of,
81n.7
; Salmon’s gradualist critique of,
39
–
41
; Snodgrass’s gradualist critique of,
35
–
38
; van Wees’s critique of,
41
,
244
–
45
; Viggiano’s reassertion of,
113
–
26
.
see also
grand hoplite narrative

hoplites and the hoplite tradition: conventions for marking the end of battle,
244
; disappearance of,
92
–
93
(
see also
chronology
); emergence of (
see
chronology
); existence of before the phalanx,
148
; as farmer-citizen-soldiers,
9
–
10
,
17
–
18
,
22
–
23
,
34
,
113
,
271n.9
; ideology of,
75
,
79
; knowledge about, consensus drawn from (
see
grand hoplite narrative
); knowledge about, impediments to,
256
–
57
(
see also
data
;
sources
); necessity of each city-state to field,
7
–
8
; numbers of in the archaic age,
240
–
41
; the phalanx (
see
phalanx
,
hoplite
); physiology of compared to modern men,
167
–
68
; the polis and, relationship of,
xii
–
xiv
,
3
–
7
,
13
–
14
,
176
–
80
,
194
–
95
; social and economic milieu of,
xii
,
176
–
80
,
194
–
95
; as soldiers of fortune (
see
soldiers of fortune
)