Ninja (40 page)

Tateoka D
o
shun, 137

Tatsuro:
The Minami Organ,
205
n

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
(comics, etc.), 240–41

Teishitsu, 66
n

Temmu (Emperor), 14

temples, ninja, 135–36

Tendai sect, 24, 98–99, 124

Oda Nobunaga and, 136, 144

tengu,
18–19, 21

Terra-cotta Army, 9

Terry, Charles: and Onoda Hiroo, 266, 270

Thailand, Fujiwara Kikan, 198–99

Thirty Comrades (Burma), 207–8

throwing stars.
See shuriken

Times, The London,
232

Timorese people: and Australia reconnoiter, 208–11

Tininenko, Bob, 258, 260

T
o
d
o
Takatora, 153, 167, 169

Tofuku-ji temple (Kyoto), 129

Togakure, 236–37

T
o
kaid
o
(Eastern Sea Road), 86, 87–88, 160, 165

Tokitaka, 102

Tokugawa government, 166

and Hara stronghold, 170–73

Tokugawa Ieyasu, 104–6, 111–14, 116

doubles, 162

escape after Nobunaga's death, 157–63, 174

in fiction, 238–39

and
Gunpu Jiyoshu,
177

and Hattori Hanz
o
, 158–63, 174

and Iga and K
o
ga, 160–63, 174–76

and Iga refugees, 152–53, 159

and Kant
o
region, 165

ninja employment, 174–76

and
O
saka Castle, 168

and Sekigahara battle, 165–66

shogun, 166–73

Tokugawa Jikki,
118

Tokyo, Yasukuni Shrine, 202

Tomimori Kazuya, 149–53

Tomioka, Nakano School at, 218, 223

Tomo Sukesada, 106

Torii Sune'emon, 111–13

Toshinobu Watanabe, 19, 97, 144, 145, 178–79

Toyonobu Utagawa, 186

trade guilds, 79–80

trials by ordeal, 92

True Pure Land (J
o
do Shinsh
u
) sect, rebellion, 83–84

Tsuge, 160

Tsukii Katsuya, 159–60

Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 186

Turnbull, Stephen: works cited, 90
n,
105
n,
116, 137
n,
140
n,
142, 147, 171
n,
172
n,
186
n

Ueda Masao, Colonel, 203–5

Ueda Masaru, 1–4, 139–40, 153

Ueno village.
See
Iga Ueno

Uesugi Kenshin, 114–18

Ukifune Jinnai, 115–16

Ukifune Kenpachi, 115–16

Vladivostok, Suzuki and, 206

volley fire, 108

Wakasa, 102–3

Wakasa no Kami, 138

Wakayama Point, 267–68

wandering world, 53–54, 135

warlords, 84–85

Warring States, Age of, 85–99

warrior monks, 55, 56, 66, 72, 83

and Nobunaga, 84, 107, 108–9, 113

Watanabe, Toshinobu, 131, 132–35

water spiders (rafts), 126–27

Western powers (WWII), Japan and, 193, 195–225

Wikipedia, 22, 129, 236

Wo-usu.
See
Yamato the Brave (Prince)

World War II, 193, 195–225

ninja ethos in, 4–5

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 191

Wuzong (Tang emperor), 107

Yagawa shrine, 98–99

Yaita (gunsmith), 102–3

yamabushi
(“mountain ascetics”), 18–27, 135–36

certification, 23

families, 124

Iga/K
o
ga, 88–89

rituals, 19–21, 25–26, 75

Yamada F
u
taro:
K
o
ga Ninp
o
ch
o
,
237–39

Yamada K
o
z
o
, 121–29

Yamamoto Hayashi, Major General, 222

Yamamoto Masayoshi: and Australia reconnoiter, 208–11

Yamamoto Shigeichi, 216

Yamashiro
ikki,
82

Yamashiro provincial commune, 82–83

Yamashita Tomoyuki, General, 203
n,
267

surrender order, 246

Yamato the Brave (Prince), 15–17

Yamato military, 96

Yamato province, 59–60

Yamato, villager self-defense, 82

Yashima Unit, 219

Yashino, Southern Court, 60, 70–71

Yodo, Lady, 168

Yokoi Shoichi, 269

Yokoyama, Lt-General, 215, 266

Yoshihiko Amino, 54

Yoshikane, 28–29

Yoshimasa shogun, 81, 90

Yoshino Castle, 66–69

Yoshinori, Yoshihisa, 87, 162

Yoshitsune, Genghis Khan folklore, 186–88

Young, Colin, 42

Yumiya Hanjo
tax, 96

Zen gardens, 55

Zen'ami, 55

Zheng King of Qin.
See
first emperor

Zoughari, Kacem:
The Ninja,
90
n,
105
n,
137
n,
154
n

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JOHN MAN
is a British historian and travel writer with a special interest in Asia. A graduate of Oxford who also studied at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies, Man has written acclaimed biographies, including
Genghis Khan
,
Attila the Hun
, and
Kublai Khan
, as well as
Alpha Beta
, on the history of the alphabet, and
The Gutenberg Revolution
, on the invention of printing. He lives in England.

Visit
www.AuthorTracker.com
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ALSO BY JOHN MAN

Gobi

Atlas of the Year 1000

Alpha Beta

The Gutenberg Revolution

Genghis Khan

Attila

Kublai Khan

The Terracotta Army

The Great Wall

The Leadership Secrets of Genghis Khan

Xanadu

Samurai

CREDITS

Cover design by Adam Johnson

Cover illustration © by The Library of Congress

Author photograph © by Franck Pelagatti

COPYRIGHT

NINJA
. Copyright © 2012, 2013 by John Man. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

Originally published in slightly different form in the United Kingdom in 2012 by Transworld Publishers.

FIRST
U
.
S
.
EDITION

__________________________________________________

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Man, John, 1941–

Ninja: 1,000 years of the shadow warrior / John Man.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-06-222202-2

1. Ninja—History. 2. Ninjutsu—History. I. Title.

II. Title: Ninja, one thousand years of the shadow warrior.

UB271.J3M36 2013

355.5'48—dc23
 
2012031912

__________________________________________________

 

Epub Edition © FEBRUARY 2013 ISBN: 9780062202666

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FOOTNOTES

INTRODUCTION

¹
As he is known in Japan, with his given name following his family name. In the West, the names are reversed.

CHAPTER 1

¹
Yamabushi
is sometimes translated as “mountain warrior,” because
bushi
means “warrior.” In this case, not so. This
bushi
has a different sign, and derives from a word meaning “to prostrate oneself.” A
yamabushi
is “one who prostrates himself on a mountain.”

²
Hitoshi,
Mandala of the Mountain
, pp. 67–68.

CHAPTER 3

¹
Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan
, p. 10.

²
Both these examples are quoted by Conlan in
State of War,
p. 18.

³
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, p. 269.

CHAPTER 4

¹
I had never heard of moxa, but it's common in Oriental medicine, which explains this long footnote. The word comes from the Japanese for “mugwort.”
Artemisia moxa
or
vulgaris
, an herb with a soft, downy skin, is ground up and compressed into little cones or cigar-shaped cylinders, which are burned on the skin, usually as a companion to acupuncture. The treatment is known as moxibustion. The moxa may be removed before it hurts or left on until it scars the skin. The purpose is to strengthen the blood and stimulate the flow of qi. It acts as an emmenagogue—an agent that increases blood circulation to the pelvic area and uterus. For this reason, it has been associated, amazingly, with the correction of breech births. A paper in the
Journal of the American Medical Association
(November 1998) found that up to 75 percent of women suffering from breech presentations before childbirth had fetuses that rotated to the normal position after receiving moxibustion thirty minutes a day, with an intensity “just below the individual tolerability threshold.” The really astonishing thing is that the moxa was placed on traditional Chinese acupuncture point BL 67 (known as
zhiyin
), which is
beside the outer corner of the fifth toenail.

CHAPTER 5

¹
Souyri,
World Turned Upside Down
, p. 106. Souyri's excellent and well-translated book is the source of much of this chapter.

²
Sansom,
A History of Japan to 1334
, p. 223. The emperor was Shirakawa (1053–1129), who entered a monastery in 1096 but remained in control for the rest of his life as a “cloistered emperor.” These words, though widely quoted, appeared only two centuries after Shirakawa's death. They may well be apocryphal, but most scholars agree they summarize a widely held view about the warrior monks, who in the words of the British historian George Sansom “failed miserably to provide the moral force the times demanded . . . spreading disorder, corruption and bloodshed.”

³
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, chapter 2.

⁴
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, p. 77.

⁵
This is Ivan Morris's down-to-earth translation, which in this case I prefer to Helen Craig McCullough's more poetic style.

⁶
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, p. 172.

⁷
It is also a place of many shrines and pilgrimage routes, now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

⁸
By Teishitsu (1610–73), Kyoto paper merchant and musician.

⁹
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, p. 177.

¹⁰
McCullough,
Taiheiki
, p. 179.

CHAPTER 7

¹
Japanese peasants were far readier to stand up for themselves than their Chinese counterparts. Pierre Souyri suggests this was in part because they were healthier, with better cultivation producing higher yields, and partly because their holdings were not on plains watered by huge, erratic rivers but in valleys with streams, which did not require large-scale irrigation projects, based on forced labor and oppression.

²
The Japanese divide their history into “reign eras.” The year 1467 was the first of the short
O
nin Era (1467–9).

³
This incident is from the Muromachi
bakufu
's
Nochi Kagami
, retold by both Zoughari (
The Ninja
, p. 40) and Turnbull (
Ninja
, p. 30–32).