Paradise Lost (Modern Library Classics) (32 page)
Read Paradise Lost (Modern Library Classics) Online
Authors: John Milton,William Kerrigan,John Rumrich,Stephen M. Fallon
568.
Hesperian gardens
: where grew golden apples guarded by a dragon. Associated with Hesperus, the evening star, these gardens were thought to lie beyond the western ocean (where Aries bears Andromeda; see 556–61n). Cp.
Masque
393–97, 981–83;
PR
2.357.
571.
above
: more than.
573–76.
thither … longitude:
Milton’s noncommittal description of Satan’s route sunward accommodates competing seventeenth-century astronomical models.
577.
Aloof
: apart from (preposition).
580.
numbers
: music of the spheres regarded as the measure of a dance (cp. 8.125;
Masque
112–14). The choric role of the stars in pacing the drama of creation was a classical commonplace.
583.
magnetic beam
: attractive power of the sun; a pre-Newtonian principle of celestial dynamics, proposed by Kepler.
586.
virtue
: efficacy;
the deep:
here means the farthest reaches and most inward parts of the created universe, including underground parts. Sunlight does not penetrate the realm of Chaos, which is also known as “the deep.”
587.
station
: Although it suggests a sedentary sun, as in the Copernican system,
station
could also refer to the fixed sphere or course of the sun in the Ptolemaic cosmos.
588–90.
Galileo built the first telescope (
glazed optic tube
) and published his discoveries, sunspots among them, in
Siderius Nuncius
(1610). Cp. 1.288.
Tube
was a common seventeenth-century term for telescope. Cp. Marvell, “To the King”: “So his bold tube man to the sun applied/And spots unknown in the bright star descried” (1–2).
592.
metal
: Editions 1 and 2 have “medal.” See the repetition of
metal
and
stone
at lines 595–96.
596.
carbuncle
: precious stone, fiery red, like little glowing coals (the word’s etymological origin) or like serpents’ eyes (9.500). The gems referred to were all thought to be luminous, i.e.,
informed/With radiant light
(593–94).
chrysolite:
yellow-green gemstone.
597–98.
to … breastplate:
“the forementioned radiant stones plus the others on Aaron’s breastplate, to the total of twelve.” See Exod. 28.17–20 for a description of the breastplate.
598.
stone
: the philosopher’s stone; the grand goal of alchemical aspiration, able to confer immortality and transmute base metal into gold.
601.
Philosophers
: alchemists.
602–5.
bind … form:
Alchemists considered mercury (
Hermes
) a primary basis of material being and subjected it to much experimentation. Liquid at room temperature, it was deemed
volatile
—difficult to
bind
or fix.
Proteus
is the shape-shifting sea god, symbolic of primary matter, who had to be restrained in his native form before he would speak true.
Limbec
is a corrupted form of
alembic
, a retort used by alchemists to distill and fix matter in its original condition. Note the repetitions of
stone
and
vain
in lines 598–602.
607–8.
Breathe … gold:
Like the fields and streams in Paradise (5.185–86), those on the sun
breathe forth
mists, but on the sun the exhaled mist is
elixir
—a vaporous manifestation of the philosopher’s stone with life-extending properties, also identified as
potable gold
.
608.
virtuous
: efficacious.
609.
arch-chemic
: of supreme chemical power.
610.
terrestrial humor
: earthly fluid or moisture. Sunlight was thought to penetrate the earth’s surface and produce precious gems from subterranean moisture (cp. l. 586). Cp.
Masque
732–36. Similar processes occur in Heaven (6.475–81).
612.
effect
: appearance, efficacy.
617.
Culminate from th’ equator
: reach their zenith relative to the equator, i.e., at equatorial noon.
618–19.
whence … fall:
In the prelapsarian cosmos, the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the surface at equatorial noon so that
no way round
shadows fall. On the always shadowless solar surface, the sun’s beams always (
still
) shoot directly
upward
.
620–21.
Nowhere … far:
According to some classical theories widely accepted in the seventeenth century, vision depends on extromission, “a beam issuing out of the eye to the object” (Hume; cp.
SA
163). The eye was thus deemed a sunlike organ. Satan’s eyebeam is
sharpened
in a literal sense, like one knife sharpened against another, and so made able to pierce
to objects distant far
.
622.
ken
: visual range.
623.
“And I saw an angel standing in the sun” (Rev. 19.17).
625.
tiar
: crown.
627.
Illustrious
: brightly shining.
634.
casts
: contrives.
637.
prime
: first in order of existence or rank; primary.
643.
habit … succinct
: refers to the
wings he wore
(l. 641); literally, tucked up.
644.
decent
: becoming, proper.
648.
Uriel
: Hebrew for “light of God.” The name is apocryphal (2 Esd. 4.1, 36).
the sev’n:
For the seven angels nearest God’s throne, see Rev. 1.5, 8.2.
650–53.
his … land:
“Those seven, they are the eyes of the Lord, which run to and fro through the whole earth” (Zech. 4.10). Cp. lines 533–34.
656.
authentic
: authoritative.
658.
attend
: wait upon; cp. line 270.
664.
favor
: object of favor.
670.
“But instead can choose to dwell in any of these shining orbs.”
709.
mold
: substance.
715–16.
The four elements are unwieldy compared with celestial ether, the agile fifth element or
quíntessence
, which Milton in the invocation identifies with light itself (l. 7).
717.
spirited with
: animated by. The endowment of form triggers the animation of matter; cp. 7.464–66.
718.
orbicular
: in circles. The natural motion of ether was thought to be circular; see Aristotle,
On the Heavens
270b.
721.
“The ether left after the stars were formed enspheres the universe.”
730.
triform
: waning, waxing, full. Cp. Horace,
Odes
3.22.
731.
Hence
: from here.
740.
ecliptic
: the path of the sun.
742.
Niphates
: mountain bordering ancient Assyria (4.126).
OOK
IV
T
HE
A
RGUMENT
Satan now in prospect of Eden, and nigh the place where he must now attempt the bold enterprise which he undertook alone against God and man, falls into many doubts with himself, and many passions: fear, envy, and despair; but at length confirms himself in evil; journeys on to Paradise, whose outward prospect and situation is described; overleaps the bounds, sits in the shape of a cormorant on the Tree of Life, as highest in the Garden, to look about him. The Garden described; Satan’s first sight of Adam and Eve; his wonder at their excellent form and happy state, but with resolution to work their fall; overhears their discourse, thence gathers that the Tree of Knowledge was forbidden them to eat of, under penalty of death; and thereon intends to found his temptation, by seducing them to transgress: then leaves them a while, to know further of their state by some other means. Meanwhile Uriel descending on a sunbeam warns Gabriel, who had in charge the gate of Paradise, that some evil spirit had escaped the deep, and passed at noon by his sphere in the shape of a good angel down to Paradise, discovered after by his furious gestures in the mount. Gabriel promises to find him ere morning. Night coming on, Adam and Eve discourse of going to their rest: their bower described; their evening worship. Gabriel drawing forth his bands of night-watch to walk the round of Paradise, appoints two strong angels to Adam’s bower, lest the evil spirit should be there doing some harm to Adam or Eve sleeping; there they find him at the ear of Eve, tempting her in a dream, and bring him, though unwilling, to Gabriel; by whom questioned, he scornfully answers, prepares resistance, but hindered by a sign from Heaven, flies out of Paradise.
O for that
1
warning voice, which he who saw
Th’ Apocalypse, heard cry in Heav’n aloud,
Then when
3
the Dragon, put to second rout,
Came furious down to be revenged on men,
“Woe to the inhabitants on Earth!” That now,
While time was, our first parents had been warned
The coming of their secret foe, and scaped
Haply so scaped his mortal snare; for now
Satan, now first inflamed with rage, came down,
The Tempter ere th’ Accuser
10
of mankind,
To wreck
11
on innocent frail man his loss
Of that first battle, and his flight to Hell:
Yet not rejoicing in his speed, though bold,
Far off and fearless, nor with cause to boast,
Begins his dire attempt, which nigh the birth
Now rolling
16
, boils in his tumultuous breast,
And like a devilish engine
17
back recoils
Upon himself; horror and doubt distract
His troubled thoughts, and from the bottom stir
The Hell
20
within him, for within him Hell
He brings, and round about him, nor from Hell
One step no more than from himself can fly
By change of place: now conscience wakes despair
That slumbered, wakes the bitter memory
Of what he was, what is, and what must be
25
Worse; of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue.
Sometimes towards Eden
27
which now in his view
Lay pleasant, his grieved look he fixes sad,
Sometimes towards heav’n and the full-blazing sun,
Which now sat high in his meridian
30
tow’r:
Then much revolving
31
, thus in sighs began.
“O thou that
32
with surpassing glory crowned,
Look’st from thy sole dominion like the God
Of this new world; at whose sight all the stars
Hide their diminished heads; to thee I call,
But with no friendly voice, and add thy name
O Sun, to tell thee how I hate thy beams
That bring to my remembrance from what state
I fell, how glorious once above thy sphere;
Till pride and worse ambition threw me down
Warring in Heav’n against Heav’n’s matchless King:
Ah wherefore! He deserved no such return
From me, whom he created what I was
In that bright eminence, and with his good
Upbraided
45
none; nor was his service hard.
What could be less than to afford him praise,
The easiest recompense, and pay him thanks,
How due! Yet all his good proved ill in me,
And wrought but malice; lifted up so high
I ‘sdained
50
subjection, and thought one step higher
Would set me highest, and in a moment quit
51
The debt immense of endless gratitude,
So burdensome still
53
paying, still to owe;
Forgetful what from him I still received,
And understood not that a grateful mind
By owing owes not
56
, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged; what burden then?
O had his powerful destiny ordained
Me some inferior angel, I had stood
Then happy; no unbounded hope had raised
Ambition. Yet why not? Some other power
61
As great might have aspired, and me though mean
Drawn to his part; but other powers as great
Fell not, but stand unshaken, from within
Or from without, to all temptations armed.
Hadst thou
66
the same free will and power to stand?
Thou hadst: whom hast thou then or what to accuse,
But Heav’n’s free love dealt equally to all?
Be then his love accursed, since love or hate,
To me alike, it deals eternal woe.
Nay cursed be thou; since against his thy will
Chose freely what it now so justly rues.
Me miserable! Which way shall I fly
Infinite wrath, and infinite despair?
Which way I fly is Hell; myself am Hell
75
;
And in the lowest deep a lower deep
Still threat’ning to devour me opens wide,
To which the Hell I suffer seems a Heav’n.
O then at last relent: is there no place
79
Left for repentance, none for pardon left?
None left but by submission; and that word
Disdain forbids me, and my dread of shame
Among the spirits beneath, whom I seduced
With other promises and other vaunts
Than to submit, boasting I could subdue
Th’ Omnipotent. Ay me, they little know
How dearly I abide
87
that boast so vain,
Under what torments inwardly I groan;
While they adore me on the throne of Hell,
With diadem and scepter high advanced
90
The lower still I fall, only supreme
In misery; such joy ambition finds.
But say I could repent and could obtain
By act of grace
94
my former state; how soon
Would highth recall high thoughts, how soon unsay
What feigned submission swore: ease would recant
Vows made in pain, as violent and void
97
.
For never can true reconcilement grow
Where wounds of deadly hate have pierced so deep:
Which would but lead me to a worse relapse
And heavier fall: so should I purchase dear
Short intermission bought with double smart.
This knows my punisher; therefore as far
From granting he, as I from begging peace:
All hope excluded thus, behold instead
Of us outcast, exiled, his new delight,
Mankind created, and for him this world.
So farewell hope, and with hope farewell fear,
Farewell remorse: all good to me is lost;
Evil be thou my good
110
; by thee at least
Divided Empire with Heav’n’s King I hold
By thee, and more than half perhaps will reign;
As man ere long, and this new world shall know.”
Thus while he spake, each passion dimmed his face
Thrice changed with pale
115
, ire, envy and despair,
Which marred his borrowed visage, and betrayed
Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld.
For Heav’nly minds from such distempers foul
Are ever clear. Whereof he soon aware,
Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm,
Artificer of fraud; and was the first
That practiced falsehood under saintly show,
Deep malice to conceal, couched
123
with revenge:
Yet not enough had practiced to deceive
Uriel once warned; whose eye pursued him down
The way he went, and on th’ Assyrian mount
126
Saw him disfigured, more than could befall
Spirit of happy sort: his gestures fierce
He marked and mad demeanor, then alone,
As he supposed, all unobserved, unseen.
So on he fares, and to the border comes,
Of Eden
132
, where delicious Paradise,
Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,
As with a rural mound the champaign head
Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides
With thicket overgrown, grotesque
136
and wild,
Access denied; and overhead up grew
Insuperable highth of loftiest shade,
Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm,
A sylvan scene
140
, and as the ranks ascend
Shade above shade, a woody theater
Of stateliest view. Yet higher than their tops
The verdurous wall of Paradise up sprung:
Which to our general sire gave prospect large
Into his nether empire neighboring round.
And higher than that wall a circling row
Of goodliest trees loaden with fairest fruit,
Blossoms and fruits at once of golden hue
Appeared, with gay enameled
149
colors mixed:
On which the sun more glad impressed his beams
Than in fair evening cloud, or humid bow
151
,
When God hath show’red the earth; so lovely seemed
That lantskip
153
: and of pure now purer air
Meets his approach, and to the heart inspires
Vernal delight and joy, able to drive
All sadness but despair: now gentle gales
156
Fanning their odoriferous wings dispense
Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole
Those balmy spoils. As when to them who sail
Beyond the Cape of Hope
160
, and now are past
Mozambique, off at sea northeast winds blow
Sabean odors from the spicy shore
Of Araby the Blest, with such delay
Well pleased they slack their course, and many a league
Cheered with the grateful smell old Ocean smiles.
So entertained those odorous sweets the fiend
Who came their bane, though with them better pleased
Than Asmodeus
168
with the fishy fume,
That drove him, though enamored, from the spouse
Of Tobit’s son, and with a vengeance sent
From Media post to Egypt, there fast bound.
Now to th’ ascent of that steep savage
172
hill
Satan had journeyed on, pensive and slow;
But further way found none, so thick entwined,
As one continued brake, the undergrowth
Of shrubs and tangling bushes had perplexed
176
All path of man or beast that passed that way:
One gate there only was, and that looked east
On th’ other side: which when th’ arch-felon saw
Due entrance he disdained, and in contempt,
At one slight bound
181
high over leaped all bound
Of hill or highest wall, and sheer within
Lights on his feet. As when a prowling wolf
183
,
Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey,
Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve
In hurdled cotes
186
amid the field secure,
Leaps o’er the fence with ease into the fold:
Or as a thief bent to unhoard the cash
188
Of some rich burgher, whose substantial doors,
Cross-barred and bolted fast, fear no assault,
In at the window climbs, or o’er the tiles;
So clomb
192
this first grand thief into God’s fold:
So since into his Church lewd
193
hirelings climb.
Thence up he flew, and on the Tree of Life
194
,
The middle tree and highest there that grew,
Sat like a cormorant
196
; yet not true life
Thereby regained, but sat devising death
To them who lived; nor on the virtue thought
Of that life-giving plant, but only used
For prospect, what well used had been the pledge
200
Of immortality. So little knows
Any, but God alone, to value right
The good before him, but perverts best things
To worst abuse, or to their meanest use.
Beneath him with new wonder now he views
To all delight of human sense exposed
In narrow room Nature’s whole wealth
207
, yea more,
A Heav’n on Earth, for blissful Paradise
Of God the Garden was, by him in the east
Of Eden planted; Eden stretched her line
From Auran
211
Eastward to the royal tow’rs
Of great Seleucia
212
, built by Grecian kings,
Or where the sons of Eden long before
Dwelt in Telassar
214
: in this pleasant soil
His far more pleasant Garden God ordained;
Out of the fertile ground he caused to grow
All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste;
And all amid them stood the Tree of Life,
High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit
Of vegetable gold; and next to life
Our death the Tree of Knowledge grew fast by,
Knowledge of
222
good bought dear by knowing ill.
Southward through Eden went a river large
223
,
Nor changed his course, but through the shaggy hill
Passed underneath engulfed, for God had thrown
That mountain as his Garden mold high raised
Upon the rapid current, which through veins
Of porous earth with kindly
228
thirst up drawn,
Rose a fresh fountain, and with many a rill
Watered the Garden; thence united fell
Down the steep glade, and met the nether flood,
Which from his darksome passage now appears,
And now divided into four main streams,
Runs diverse, wand’ring many a famous realm
And country whereof here needs no account,
But rather to tell how, if art could tell,
How from that sapphire fount the crispèd
237
brooks,
Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold,
With mazy error
239
under pendant shades
Ran nectar, visiting each plant, and fed
Flow’rs worthy of Paradise which not nice
241
art
In beds and curious knots
242
, but Nature boon
Poured forth profuse on hill and dale and plain,
Both where the morning sun first warmly smote
The open field, and where the unpierced shade