Roosevelt (132 page)

Forrestal, James V.,
39
,
350
,
444
,
560

Forster, Rudolph,
390

Fort Benning,
601

Fort Jackson,
270

Fort Lewis,
269

Fort Sam Houston,
270

Fortas, Abe,
464

Fortune
(magazine),
307

4-F’s,
560

Four Freedoms, viii,
33
,
34-35
,
239
,
271
,
306
,
381
,
467
,
470
,
547
,
608

Fourteenth Air Force (U.S.),
445

Fox, William T. R.,
516

France: Allied bombing of, planned,
305
; Allied invasion of,
366
,
374
,
393
,
405
,
408
,
411
,
414
,
464
,
473-480
,
481
,
483
,
489
,
495
,
545
,
546
; as an Amer­ican command,
538
; and colonialism,
285
,
592
; factionalism in,
319
; fear of German strength in,
313
; the Free French,
10
,
184
,
481
,
591
; the French fleet,
13
,
65
,
285
,
294
,
296-297
,
298
,
309
,
481
; Germans driven out of,
534
; and Great Britain,
566
; and Indochina,
20
,
78
,
106
,
109
,
379
,
591
,
592
; Italian campaign vital to operations in,
393
,
395
,
438
; Jewish refugees in,
441
; and the League of Nations,
567
; military weakness,
566
; and the North African invasion,
180
,
319-323
; postwar government in,
408
; respect for F.D.R.,
290
; resis­tance in,
480
,
482
; F.D.R. opposed to American occupation of,
519
; Stalin on,
408
; taken by Germany,
15
,
19
,
33
,
79
,
80
,
84
,
93
,
308
,
576
; Vichy government,
10
,
11
,
12-13
,
14
,
20
,
24
,
64-65
,
69
,
77
,
106
,
109
,
285
,
286-287
,
290
,
293
,
294
,
296
.
See also
Algiers;
ANVIL;
Committee of National Libera­tion; De Gaulle, Charles; Giraud, Henri; Morocco; Africa: North Africa;
OVERLORD
; Pétain, Henri; Tunisia

Franco, Francisco,
14
,
15
,
64
,
65
,
69-70
,
73
,
98
,
288
,
308
,
311
,
352
,
548
,
608

Frankfurter, Felix,
38
,
39
,
44
,
65
,
91
,
114
,
22
,
131
,
193
,
194
,
257
,
262
,
296
,
417
,
457
,
458
,
591

Free trade,
129

Freedman, Max,
457

Freedom, as a propaganda concept for both sides,
387-388

Freedom House,
275

Fulbright, J. William,
427
,
533

Gainesville,
603

Gallipoli,
231
,
287

Gambia River,
316
,
324

Gandhi, Mohandas,
219
,
239
,
240
,
242
,
380
,
381
,
551

Gannett, Frank,
500

Garner, John N.,
35
,
270
,
498

Gasoline rationing,
258
,
259

Gauss, Clarence E.,
541

G.B.S.
(Pearson),
272

General Lee (tank),
268

General Maximum Price Regulation (OPA),
257

George, Walter,
40
,
364
,
427
,
435
,
437

George III, King of England,
220

George VI, King of England,
62
,
282
,
300
,
410
,
411
,
593

Georgia, Russia,
92

German-Americans,
499
; treatment of, in World War II,
268
.
See also
Aliens

Germany: Allied troops in,
545
,
595
,
599
; Allied victory in sight,
565
; army officers’ rebellion,
496
; army re­tires to the Rhine,
518
; attack on Russia,
68-70
,
80
,
95-97
,
101-103
,
106
,
113
,
143
,
153
,
186
,
231
,
282-283
,
300
,
308
,
408
,
483
,
566
,
575
,
576
,
586
,
587
; attempts to induce Japan to take action in the Far East,
69
; and the atomic bomb,
252
,
459
; and the Balkans,
14
,
15
,
64
,
65
,
71-72
,
73
,
74
,
77
,
94
,
100
,
308
,
392
,
518
; “Blue Print for Extermination,”
395
; bomb­ing of,
17
,
237
,
244
,
325
,
345
,
346
,
370
,
371
,
445-446
,
554
,
557
,
595-596
,
601
; and Bulgaria,
71
,
73
,
94
; casual­ties,
546
,
554
; Congress declares war on,
175
; counteroffensive,
553-554
,
557
,
558
; and D day,
477
; declares war on U.S.,
173-175
; defeat and surrender in Italy,
518
,
519
,
585-586
; driven out of France,
534
; encircles Rome,
394
; and Finland,
308
,
554
; and Greece,
65
,
71
,
74
,
76
,
88
,
94
,
534
; first American encounter with forces of,
91
,
326-327
; isolates Sweden,
308
; and the Jews,
43
,
70
,
310
,
386
,
387
,
395-397
,
441
; and Latin Amer­ica,
100
,
147
; Thomas Mann on,
358
; military resistance failing,
585
; mo­bilizes for a vast offensive on the East­ern Front,
228
; Nazi plan to abolish all existing religions,
147
; Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939,
15
,
19
,
93
,
97
,
183
,
373
,
399
,
575
; the “New Order,”
16
,
18
; occupation zones,
519
,
545
,
582
; occupies Channel Islands,
308
; occu­pies Norway,
33
,
41
,
80
,
308
; and Po­land,
15
,
68
,
80
,
85
,
93
,
483
,
534-535
,
536
,
569
,
570
,
571
,
575-576
; in the postwar world,
365-366
,
409
,
582
; prewar relations with Russia,
93
; pro­jected defeat of,
179
,
519
,
545
,
546
; projected destruction of the Nazi party,
582
; propagandists,
386-387
; proposed deindustrialization of,
520
; Prussia,
96
,
365
,
565
,
570
; reaction to Lend-Lease,
26-27
; reinforcements sent to Russian front.
327
,
586
,
587
; reversal of fortune,
308
; F.D.R.’s harsh attitude to,
441
,
520
,
566
; F.D.R.’s insistence on direct attack on,
548
,
554
; seen as main enemy by Americans,
179
; as signatory of the Anti-Comintern Pact,
19
; as signa­tory of the Tripartite Pact,
16
,
20-21
,
68
,
69
; and Spain,
10
,
14
,
64
,
65
,
179
,
286
,
291
; Stalin demands total dismemberment and crushing of,
408-409
,
410
,
412
; strategy set for cap­ture of,
557-558
; strikes in Ardennes,
553
,
558
; takes France,
15
,
19
,
33
,
79
,
80
,
84
,
93
,
295
,
308
,
576
; threat­ened invasion of Great Britain,
10
,
14
,
15
,
19
,
33
,
45
,
64
,
73
,
79
; treat­ment of, after surrender,
519-520
; tries to obtain supplies of heavy water,
252
; and unconditional sur­render,
323
,
409
,
440-441
,
548
,
582
; war aims,
6
,
147
; war production,
14
,
554
; and Yugoslavia,
71-72
,
74
,
76
,
80
,
88
,
94
,
253
.
See also
Atlantic theater; Bulge, Battle of the; Hitler, Adolf; Submarine warfare: U-boats

GI, culture of the,
470-471

GI Bill of Rights,
362
,
465
,
509

Gibraltar,
14
,
64
,
78
,
291
,
294

Gibraltar, Strait of,
288
,
403

Gila,
267

Gilbert Islands,
202
,
443
,
444
,
445
,
485

Gillette, Guy,
532

Giraud, Henri,
291
,
293
,
294
,
295
,
319
,
320
,
321
,
322
.
323
,
389
,
480

Glass, Carter,
37
,
48
,
258
,
426
,
604

Gneisenau
(German battle cruiser),
89

Godwin, Earl,
428

Goebbels, Joseph P.,
15
,
70
,
372
,
384
,
386
,
548
,
601

Goering, Hermann,
70
,
76
,
384
,
446

Gold Beach,
474

Good Neighbor policy,
307
,
378
,
604

Graham, Frank P.,
196
,
264

Grand Council (of Italy),
383

Granger, Lester,
123

Great Britain: accused of colonialism by Hitler,
17
; aid to,
11-12
,
13
,
15
,
23
,
24-25
,
28
,
33
,
38
,
41
,
42
,
46
,
51
,
69
,
84
,
87
.
88
,
98
,
100
,
103
,
112
,
115
,
133
,
134
,
153
,
211
,
234
,
247
,
513
,
549
; and the Allied invasion force,
473
,
474
; American-British exchange of secret scientific information,
344
; armies in France,
80
,
482
; armies in Germany,
519
,
595
; assault on Caen,
477
; and the Atlantic war,
160
; and the atomic bomb,
251
,
456-457
; beats Vichy in Syria,
77
; bombing of,
9
,
29
,
33
,
78
,
79
,
558
; bomber offensive against Germany,
325
; British and Russian colonial rivalry in the 19th century,
373
; British intelligence,
446
; British pilots trained on Ameri­can airfields,
88
; British prisoners of war in Italy,
391
; British ships re­paired in American docks,
41
,
64
,
88
; capacity to wage war doubted in U.S.,
88
; casualties,
546
; and China,
79
,
204-205
,
375
; and colonialism,
17
,
596
; considered finished by Hit­ler,
16
,
17
; defeats Italians in Africa,
77
; diplomacy of,
551
; destroys French warships,
285
; exchange of emissaries with the U.S.,
73-74
; and economic policy,
514
; fears postwar supremacy of dollar,
514
; and France,
566
; gift of destroyers,
11-12
,
13
,
15
,
33
; and Greece,
74
,
75-76
,
77
,
314
,
365
,
395
,
484
,
537
; hard-pressed by war losses,
88
; heavy needs of,
98
; Hitler’s opinion of the British people,
310
; and Hong Kong,
79
,
575
; in 1941,
68
,
72
; and India,
79
,
219-222
,
231
,
238-239
,
240-242
,
375
,
379-381
,
422
,
549
; and Indo-china,
128
,
592
,
593
; invasion threat­ened,
10
,
14
,
15
,
19
,
33
,
45
,
64
,
73
,
79
; investment in,
84
; invites Prince Paul to form common Balkan front, 711 and Italy,
315
,
318
,
319
,
369
,
391
,
393
,
401
; and Japan,
80
,
137
,
171-172
,
400
; and the Jews,
395
,
442
; and the League of Nations,
567
; mission to Moscow,
153
; occupies Crete,
15
; offensive in northern Burma,
445
; opposition in left-wing circles to the Darlan deal,
295
; and the Pacific war,
79
,
519
; and Poland,
570
,
583
; policy toward Vichy,
65
; possessions in Far East threatened by Japan,
80
; postpones general elections during World War II,
497
; and postwar set­tlements,
364
; reaction to F.D.R.’s death,
610
; refuses friendship with Germany,
14
; refuses to agree to Andaman operation,
415
; F.D.R.’s commitment to,
84
,
88-89
; routs Mussolini’s forces in Africa,
68
,
72
,
180
,
311
; and Russia,
94
,
102
,
111
,
232
,
248
,
283
,
373
; safety of,
180
; seen as fighting mainly to keep its power and wealth,
559
; siege of,
93
; as signatory of Declaration of Allied Unity,
185
; and Singapore,
79
; social security boom,
361
; and Spain,
14
,
65
,
77
,
127
; stands to gain economically from deindustrialized Germany,
520
; strength in Mediterranean area,
73
; suspected of imperialist aims by France,
290
; surrenders extraterritorial rights in China,
375
; takes over Iceland,
104
; twenty-year peace treaty with Russia,
232
; unable to pay for American war aid,
24-25
; and the U.N.,
515
,
567
,
568
; War Cabinet,
10-11
; war crisis,
88
; war effort,
559
; war situation summarized by Church­ill in letter to F.D.R.,
12-13
.
See also
British Empire; Churchill, Winston S.; Convoys; Eighth Army; Joint Chiefs of Staff, British