Russia (70 page)

Schlitte, Hans,
90

Schonberg, Nicholas,
85

Scythians,
17
—
18

Sea of Azov,
37
,
205

Sea of Okhotsk,
161

Second Turkish War (1787-
92
),
185
,
187
-
8

Second World War,
2
,
8
,
253
-
60
,
261
,
262
-
3
,
274
,
279

Secret Police
sec
Cheka; Federal Security

Service (FSB); KGB; NKVD

Selim II, Sultan,
95

Semen (great-grandson of Ivan ‘Money-Bag’),
63

Semino, Dr O.,
6

Serbia, Serbs,
9
,
157
,
204
,
220
,
221
,
222
,

313

Sergius of Radonezh, St,
50
,
58
-
61
,
64
,

319

settlements, societies: and beginnings of

serfdom,
106
; Bronze Age,
12
; burial

practices,
11
-
12
; cluster developments,

18-
19
; defensive,
110
-
11
; defensive

and governmental,
110
; distribution of,

52; effect of climate on,
5
-
6
,
15
-
17
,

18; ethnographic studies on,
8
-
9
; food

preparation,
11
; hill
(gorodishche),
24
;

hunter-gatherers,
7
-
8
,
1
0 - n ; Iron

Age,
12
-
13
; and language,
14
-
15
;

patriarchal tendencies,
12
;
religious

beliefs,
12
; and river trade,
24
-
5
; and

serfdom,
129
-
30
; Stone Age,
5
,
6
,
8
,

9—
10
; swidden agriculture,
13
—
14
;

Tnpolye type,
10
; (un)conscious

adaptations,
8
; Viking,
23
,
24
;
sec also

economy

Sevastopol,
179
,
206
,
209
,
210
,
257

Seven Years War (1756-
63
),
168
,
178

Severiane (tribal association),
22

Seymour, H.D,
209

Shahin Girey, Crimean Khan,
178

Shamyl (imam; Murid leader of

insurrection),
203
,
207

Shanghai Forum,
326

Shaposhnikov, Marshal (Chief of Staff),

255

Shatalin, Stanislav,
294

Shchelkalov, Andrei and Vasilii,
109
,
111

Shcherbatov, Prince Mikhail,
79

Shchigolev, Artemii,
144
—
5

Shevkal (shamkal of Tarku),
112

Shostakovich, Dmitrii,
198
;
Cheriomushki,
272

Shuiskii, Prince Andrei,
90

Shuiskii, Vasilii, Boyar,
then
Tatar
see

Vasilii IV

Siberia, Siberians,
5
,
66
,
69
,
166
,
197
,
244
,
251
,
256
,
316
; administration of,
l22
160
-
1
,
176
-
7
; communications in,
223
; conquest of,
97
,
129
,
132
—
3
; difficulties of adjustment/absorption,
280
; effect of climate on,
6
; illness in,
176
; introduction of law in,
198
-
9
; mapping of,
133
; mineral wealth of,
279
-
80
; native peoples of,
134
; population movements into,
130
; railways in,
223
-
5
; a n d religious conversion,
135
; settlement programmes for,
130
-
1
; strategic importance of,
133
; strategic

significance of,
96
,
110

Siberia Office,
132

Sigismund, King of Poland,
122
,
123

Silk Road,
158

Silvestr (monk),
91

Simeon the Proud, Grand Prince
51

Sinkiang,
263

Sinope,
210

Sisak, Prince,
92

Six-Day War (1967),
278

Skrynnikov, Ruslan,
111

Skuratov (post-communist prosecutorgeneral),
312

Skyger, Lieut.-Col.,
137

Slansky, Rudolf,
267

slaves,
23
,
30
,
33
,
42
,
93
,
173
,
200
,
202

Slavonic Benevolent Committee,
221

Slavs,
6
,
10
,
15
,
41
,
197
,
220

Slovakia, Slovaks,
265
,
284

Slovenia, Slovenes,
20
,
220
,
294

Smolensk,
24
,
33
52
,
55
,
62
,
84
,
110
,
123
,
124
,
128
,
129
,
136
,
141
,
144
,
194

Sobieski, Jan, King of Poland,
147

Social Democrats,
237

‘Socialism in One Country’,
239

Sofia (daughter of Tsar Alexis; regent during minority of Ivan V and Peter I),
147
,
148
,
151

Sofia (city),
222

Sokhma river,
48

Sokolovskii, Marshal V.D.,
257

Solari, Pietro Antonio,
82

Solomonia, Grand Princess,
85

Soloviev, Vladimir,
112

Solvychegodsk,
96
,
124

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander,
283

South Vietnam,
278

South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO),
269

Soviet Academy of Science,
8

Soviet Union,
2
,
320
—
1
; 500-day regeneration plan for,
294
—
5
; acquisition of territories,
261
; apparent stability of,
283
-
4
; Autonomous Provinces,
245
; Autonomous Republics,
244
-
5
; censorship, propaganda and public relations in,
150
,
252
; collapse of,
281
,
324
; collectivization programmes,
252
-
3
,
268
-
9
,
274
-
5
; constitution for,
244
-
6
; continuities with old regime,
238
,
239
; and demobilization,
264
-
5
; demographic/economic changes
271
—
4
; deportations in,
256
,
271
; and detente,
278
-
9
; deteriorating standard of living in,
292
; disastrous aftermath of collapse,
301
-
2
; dissidents in,
283
; easing
of
foreign and domestic attitudes,
268
; and East-West relations,
286
—
7
; economic problems in,
240
—
2
; enlightened attitudes of,
245
—
6
; events leading to collapse of,
282
-
6
; as a Federation of National Republics,
242
—
6
; final disintegration of,
298
—
300
; and freedom for satellite countries,
290
—
6
; Gorbachev reforms in,
284
—
8
; increasing influence of,
270
-
1
; introduction of democratic practices,
287
; judicious use of repression/concession,
269
; labour camps in,
253
; management of,
271
—
2
; military disasters/victories,
255
-
60
; mineral wealth of,
285
; nationalist sentiments in,
273
-
4
; Nazi-Soviet Pact,
254
,
261
,
292
; New Economic Policy,
242
,
246
; new security agency in,
239
—
40
; nuclear weapons in,
269
,
277
-
8
; political coup in,
296
-
8
; and political/constitutional reform,
289
; and post-war territorial divisions,
262
-
3
; presence/influence in Eastern Europe,
265
—
7
,
274
-
7
; prestige/world influence,
261
—
2
,
280
—
1
; reasons for collapse,
298
-
300
; and removal of conservative elements,
290
; science/technology in,
279
—
80
; social/economic crisis in,
246
-
8
; space missions,
269
,
270
; succession of disasters in,
286
—
8
; trade agreements,
269
; trials, executions and purges in,
252
,
267
; urban/industrial building projects,
250
—
2
;
uskorenie, glasnost
and
perestroika
in,
285
,
287
,
288
; war casualties,
264
; Western attempts to curtail,
269
; withdrawal of troops and non-interference policies,
288
—
9

Spafarius (Romanian in Tsar’s service),
148

Spain,
6
,
171

Speranskii, Mikhail,
198

Spiridonov, Admiral,
172

Sprengtporten, Colonel G.M.,
192

Stakhanov (a miner),
250

Stalin, Joseph,
246
,
261
,
271
,
273
,
321
; adherence to post-war agreements,
264
; character of,
252
—
3
; Communist ideology,
264
; death of,
267
; and Georgian independence,
244
; and issue of
Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Russia,
242
; and management of war,
255
,
257
,
258
; patriotic speech by,
247
—
8
; and the ‘percentage agreement’,
263
; popularity of,
268
; and Nazi-Soviet pact,
254
; and war against Japan,
264

Stalingrad,
110
; battle of,
257
—
60
;
see also

Tsaritsyn

Star Wars,
286
,
298

Stefan, abbot,
59

Stephen of Novgorod,
50
,
57
—
8

Stiglitz, J.,
311

Stolypin, Petr, Premier,
231
-
2
,
272

Strabo,
17

Strategic Arms Limitation,
277

Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’),
282

Strobel, Lieut.-Col. van,
137

Stroganov, Grigorii,
96
—
7
,
110
,
173

Stroganov venture,
130

Sungir archaeological site,
5

Sunzha,
180

Suvurov, Generalissimo Aleksandr,
179

Suzdal,
44
,
46
,
52

Sviatopolk (son of Iziaslav),
42

Sviatoslav the resentful,
27

Sviatoslav (son of laroslav),
41
,
42

Sviatoslav (son of Olga/Helen),
37
-
8

Svoboda, Colonel
(later
President of Czechoslovakia),
262

Sweden,
1
,
4
,
49
,
55
,
79
,
98
,
108
,
122
,
142
,
143
,
146
,
188
; war with,
152
—
6
,
168

Syr-Darya river,
160
,
173
,
209

Tabriz,
204

Taiwan,
326

Tajikistan,
278
,
325

Tajiks,
217

Taliban,
308

Tallin,
104

Talyanky,
10
,
18

Taman (Tmutorakhan),
41

Tamara, Queen of Georgia,
44

Tamerlane the Great,
63

Tannenberg,
234

Tara,
110

Tashkent,
160
,
173
,
209
,
216
,
222

Tatars,
46
-
7
,
48
,
52
,
70
,
78
,
96
,
140
,
146
,
158
,
164
,
176
,
187
,
199
,
216
,
245
,
248
,
319
; alliance with Ivan the Great,
79
; arrival of,
46
—
7
; attacks on Moscow,
62
-
3
,
66
; baskak
(officials),
49
; defeats of,
57
,
92
; exploitation of Russian assets by,
49
—
50
; imposition of power by,
49
; relationship with princes,
49
—
50
,
53
—
5
; religious toleration of,
51
; uprising against,
54
;
see also
Mongols