Sex, Culture, and Justice: The Limits of Choice (45 page)

rape, 51, 105, 169

rationality, 220–21, 224–28 Rawls, John

on decent peoples, 13 n. 21 equal basic liberty principle, 117 on gender equality, 182–4 original position, 106

on political liberalism, 94–95, 160–62,

164–65

on public reason, 12, 75

See also
justice; liberalism; political liber- alism

Raz, Joseph, 98, 164, 209 n. 16, 234–35,

239–49, 253–54, 256. For disambigua- tion s
ee
perfectionism

recognition, 103–11

redistribution, 108–11, 123.
See also
equality

Redstockings, 60

reflexivity, 52–53, 56, 58, 60–62

reflexive law, 74

relativism, 7, 12, 81, 96.
See also
univer- salism

religion

and children, 141–43

compared with employment, 132–41 and equality, 141–46

and freedom, 141–46

functions of, 134 n. 27

key tenets of, 136, 140–41, 143–46

not subject to the principles of justice, 182 priesthood.
See
Christianity

religious fundamentalism, 107, 112, 163

See also
Christianity; cultures; Hutterite;

Islam; nuns; Sikhism reproduction, 141–2, 178–79, 181, 196 resistance.
See
change

respect, 198–200, 204–5 Richards, Janet Radcliffe, 30 risk, 225–26

Roe v. Wade
, 72–73 Rorty, Richard, 99–100

Routine secular circumcision (
rsc
)

and power, 43–44, 212

compared with
fgm
, 35–37, 178

defined, 35 n. 34

reasons for, 35–36, 40–41

statistics, 34

Royce, Josiah, 162

rsc
.
See
routine secular circumcision Rushdie, Salman, 144

sadomasochism, 51, 204–6, 215–16.
See also
practices, harmful; paternalism; sexu- ality

Santa Clara Pueblos, 147

Scoccia, Danny, 220, 222, 227 n. 50

seat belts, 225

self-harm, 215.
See also
harm; practices, harmful

Sen, Amartya, 166

Senegal, 213–14

sex.
See
feminism, gender, patriarchy, sexu- ality

Sex and the City
, 4, 28–29, 262

sex/gender distinction, 47–50 sexuality

as a capability, 178

controlled by genital cutting, 34–37, 42,

178, 212–13

as the eroticisation of dominance and sub- mission, 49–51, 65, 169.
See also
patri- archy

homosexuality and heterosexism, 106, 109, 204–6, 246–48, 252

transsexualism, 75 n. 110

Shachar, Ayelet, 9, 118, 146–56

Sher, George, 175 n. 31, 256–58

shoes, 1–3, 27–29, 44, 47, 53, 88, 262–63,

266

Sierra Leone, 213

Sikhism, and motorcycle helmets, 203 Skanderowicz, Andrew, 186

slavery, 14, 82, 211, 234–35

smoking, 73, 174–75, 178, 197, 203, 230 n.

57.
See also
health; paternalism; prac- tices, harmful

social construction

and autonomy, 160–61, 168–72, 195, 257–

58, 263–65

and culture, 118–19, 149–50 as ‘‘Death of Man,’’ 85–87

as distinct from coercion, 191

and feminism/gender, 4–13, 24–30, 45–

49, 58–59, 124–26

Foucauldian theories of, 21–33 as implying homogeneity, 111–13 and the influence factor, 123–24 and justice, 39–40, 262–66

and liberalism, 7–13, 30–33, 56, 78–80,

113–14

of preferences, 168–72 and the state, 71–72

three levels of (Hirschmann), 87–93

two aspects of (options and preferences), 93, 159, 172–73, 262–63

socialism, 110

Somalia, 35

South Korea, 35, 38, 41

Spanner case, 204–6

speech, 73.
See also
discourse; language starving.
See
dieting

state

conceptions of, 70–71, 74, 153

neutrality of, 73, 95, 103–4, 106–7, 195 state intervention

accompanying symbolic change, 68 effectiveness of, 76–78

as emancipatory and egalitarian, 68, 70–

79, 113, 129–30

in free choices, 3, 121, 124, 126–27, 161,

263–64

in cultural practices, 14–16, 100, 132–46,

153–57, 183–84, 186 194–201, 229–31,

264–66

involving a balance of harm and benefit, 195–98

liberal wariness of, 22–23, 44, 71–74, 130–

32, 171–72

as nonpaternalist, 207

See also
coercion; paternalism; perfection- ism; totalitarianism

sterilization, 178–9, 181.
See also
reproduc- tion

steroids, 210–11, 216 n. 36.
See also
drug use; exercise, physical

stilettos.
See
shoes

subaltern counterpublics, 110–11

subject, formation of, 24, 30, 32, 44, 52–53,

83, 86–87, 89–93, 220, 263

submission, 45

Sudan, 214

suicide, 215, 217–18

Sunstein, Cass, 73, 75, 117, 144, 220

surveillance, 23–24, 27–28

Swanson, Colleen, 188–89

Swanson, John, 189

Sweden, 41

Taliban, 107, 163, 168 n. 19

tattoos, 178, 215

Taylor, Charles, 53, 95, 107 n. 72

tea drinking, 173–75, 197

Today
program, 248 n. 23

toleration, 14, 97 n. 41

torture, 14

totalitarianism, 124, 131, 136, 220.
See also

coercion; state intervention

United Kingdom

breast implant statistics in, 6, 186 n. 55,

193

British Library, 239 n. 8

censorship in, 205 n. 7, 216 n. 36 Department of Health of, 187–90 employment law in, 134–35 House of Lords of, 204

law on female genital mutilation, 178 n. 39, 216 n. 36

Oxfordshire shoe survey, 2–4 Spanner case, 204–6

United Nations, 176 n. 33, 197 n. 84 United States of America

breast implant statistics in, 6–7, 193 n.76 Catholicism in, 145

cosmetic surgeons in, 185 Declaration of Independence of, 97 domestic violence in, 199

fathers’ movement in, 65 female genital mutilation in, 42

Food and Drug Administration of, 187–88 House of Representatives of, 189 Institute of Medicine, 187–90, 225

multiculturalism in, 15–16

president of, 31

Roe v. Wade,
71–73

routine secular circumcision in, 35–37, 40–42

slavery in, 92

Supreme Court of, 72–73, 147–48 universalism

and liberalism, 8, 12–14, 81, 85–86,

93–101

and multiculturalism, 103, 127

and social construction, 81, 91–93, 243 connection with equality, 97–100 defended by Martha Nussbaum, 170–71 four criteria for universal values, 98 n. 44 required for justice, 5

Van Lenning, Alkeline, 191 n. 72, 196 n. 81 veiling.
See
Islam

Victoria’s Secret, 185 violence

domestic, 73, 91, 128 n. 18, 164, 198–99,

258–59

as not justified by consent, 216 n. 37 symbolic.
See
Bourdieu, Pierre versus power, 31

women discouraged from, 25

See also
rape; sadomasochism

Vogue
magazine, 181

voice, 135–36

Wacquant, Lo¨ıc, 61

Wall, Stephen, 228–29, 234–36, 244

war, 215 n. 33

Webber, Sarah, 42

Weinstock, Isaac, 5–6

well-being, 229, 239–40

White, Stuart, 142–46

Willis, Ellen, 60

Wolf, Naomi, 24–26, 29

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 24

women.
See
feminism; gender; patriarchy

Young, Iris Marion, 84, 101–10, 119, 133 n.

26

Yuracko, Kimberley, 88 n. 20

“Drawing on Catharine MacKinnon, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, Clare Chambers argues that although all our choices are socially constructed, some are more in keeping with the demands of justice, equality, and autonomy than others. Focusing on choices by women in liberal cultures, she detects two troubling features—disadvantage and influence. When both are present, an injustice is likely to be done, warranting state intervention. An incisive, well- written book with a sustained, original argument.”

“Chambers’s refreshing approach has the potential to expand the scope of conventional liberal theory by showing how liberals can (and should) directly meet the challenge of postmodern approaches and by demonstrating that feminist contributions are the well from which most innovations in liberalism are drawn.”
—Avigail Eisenberg, University of Victoria

“This book takes up an important topic in the political philosophy of liberalism: What is the state to do when individuals make choices that are socially constructed and disadvantageous to them? It insightfully and originally bridges the divide between continental and analytic political philosophy, combining the insights of Foucault, Bourdieu, and Butler on one side, and those of Rawls, Raz, Nussbaum, Okin, and others on the other side. The book contributes significantly to the literature of liberalism, autonomy, and feminism.”
—Ann Cudd, University of Kansas

The Pennsylvania State University Press University Park, Pennsylvania www.psupress.org