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———. 2011. “Discovering My Microbiome: ‘You, My Friend, Are a Wonderland.'”
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———. 2015b. “The Cords That Aren't Cut.”
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For a book about heredity, I must start my thanks with my family. My daughters, Charlotte and Veronica, have been the textbook definition of good sports over the past couple of years. They've put up with their father's endless musings about how heredity has or hasn't influenced who they are. Thanks also go to my brother, Ben, and parents, Marfy Goodspeed and Richard Zimmer, for our long conversations about our family history and for the light they have cast into the shadowy corners of my memory. Thanks most of all go to my beloved wife, Grace. This book would not have existed if not for her. She guided me along as I tried to tame a swirl of thoughts into an idea for a book, sustaining me through the low months when the writing seemed like it would never end, reading every page of the manuscript carefully to let me know what was unclear or unnecessary, and always reminding me of the life we shared beyond my computer monitor.

Deep gratitude goes to Stephen Morrow, my editor at Dutton, for the boundless energy and attention to detail he brought to this book, his vigor undiminished since he edited my earliest books,
At the Water's Edge
,
Parasite Rex
, and
Soul Made Flesh.
I would also like to thank my agent, Eric Simonoff, for always reserving his enthusiasm for the ideas that he finds truly compelling and then giving his all to help me turn them into books.

I'm grateful to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for awarding me a fellowship for this book, allowing me to carry out more of the research necessary for such a wide-ranging subject. I'd also like to thank the editors at newspapers and magazines who enabled me to explore some of the topics that made their way into this book, including Michael Mason and Celia Dugger at the
New York Times,
and Michael Moyer and Thomas Lin at
Quanta
. My experience with getting my genome sequenced came about while I worked on a series of articles published by
Stat
, called “Game of Genomes.” I'm grateful to Jason Ukman, Jeff DelViscio, and Rick Berke for allowing me to head off into uncharted terrain for those pieces.

For assistance in research, transcribing, and fact-checking, I'd like to thank Helen Bellison, Nakeirah Christie, Asu Erden, Kevin Hwang, Jeremiah Johnston, Saatchi Kalsi, Haleigh Larson, Lauren McNeel, Neal Ravindra, Kevin Wang, and Maddy Zoltek. Thanks to Alice Colwell and Erika Richards for help in German translation. I'm very grateful to Jay Shendure at the University of Washington, who read through the entire manuscript for scientific accuracy, as did Graham Coop and members of his lab at the University of California, Davis: Doc Edge, Erin Calfee, Vince Buffalo, Nancy Chen, Emily Josephs, Sivan Yair, Kristin Lee, and Anita To.

Many people helped me get hold of information that went into this book. I'm particularly grateful to people who hosted me on research visits, especially Patricia Martinelli at the Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society, as well as the staff at the Luther Burbank Home and Gardens in Santa Rosa, California.

I communicated with many people about the topics I explored in this book—either in person, over the phone, or by e-mail. Some of them also read over portions of my book and shared their responses. I'd like to thank them all for being so generous with their time and knowledge: Erol Akcay, Joshua Akey, Tracy Bale, Tracey Beck, Ethan Bier, Catherine Bliss, Russell Bonduriansky, Christine Brown, Tony Capra, Francisco Ceballos, Christopher Chabris, George Church, Declan Clarke, Nathaniel Comfort, Graham Coop, Ian Deary, Jack Dekkers, Brian Dias, Jill Doerfler, Joseph Ecker, Erle Ellis, Yaniv Erlich, Kevin Esvelt, William Foulkes, Keolo Fox, Valentino Gantz, Mark Gerstein, Simon Gravel, John Greally, Robert Green, Hank Greeley, Sean Harper, Joe Heinrich, Joel Hirschhorn, Greg Hurst, Insoo Hyun, Amiyaal Ilany, Anthony James, Anthony Jose, Fred Kaplan, Eimear Kenny, Johannes Krause, Leonid Kruglyak, Sushant Kumar, Amanda Larracuente, Iosif Lazairidis, Zachary Lippman, Isabelle Mansuy, Robert Martienssen, Christopher Mason, Iain Mathieson, John McCutcheon, Maurizio Meloni, Elizabeth Murchison, Alondra Nelson, Faranza Parshankar, Diane Paul, Nathan Pearson, Joseph Pickrell, Ron Pinhasi, Danielle Posthuma, James Priest, Jonathan Pritchard, Erik Puffenberger, Jennifer Raff, David Reich, Stuart Ritchie, Noah Rosenberg, Beth Shapiro, Adam Siepel, Robert Sparrow, Kevin Strauss, Sonia Sutti, Kim TallBear, Ali Torkamani, Sici Tsoi, Tobias Uller, Peter Visscher, Christopher Walsh, Eske Willerslev, and Melinda Zeder.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

Aboriginal Australians,
448
–51,
454
,
466
–68

Ache people,
465

acquired traits,
56
–57,
426
–27.
See also
Lamarckism

acromegaly,
274
–75,
277

Adams, James Truslow,
567
–68

Adygei people,
223

African Americans,
166
–67,
179
–80,
206
,
212
,
315
–16,
567

age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
277

Agius, Emmanuel,
534
,
538

Agricultural Revolution,
31
–33,
468
–69,
476
–77,
492
,
495
,
563

AIP gene,
275

Akan people,
180
,
461

Akey, Joshua,
245

Alexandra, Princess of Wales,
352

alkaptonuria,
60
,
117

alleles,
126
,
149
,
151
,
279
–80,
475
,
539

Allen, Elizabeth,
92
,
105

alphaproteobacteria,
418
–19

Altmann, Richard,
417
–19

Alzheimer's disease,
529
,
538
–39

American Association for the Advancement of Science,
512
–13

American Indians,
19
,
198
–99

American Museum of Natural History,
235

American Psychological Association,
102
,
314

American Society of Human Genetics,
500

amino acids,
116
,
134
,
138
,
139
,
410
.
See also
proteins

aneuploidy,
367
–68

ankylosing spondylitis,
535
–36

anthropology

and cultural inheritance,
448
,
451
–52

and cumulative culture,
460
–61,
465

and Du Bois's research,
203

and paleogenetics,
225
–26

and racial classifications,
196

and scientific racism,
206
–7

and skin color,
201

and tracing lineages,
178

and wealth inequality,
470

See also
paleoanthropology

Anthropometric Laboratory,
290

antibiotic resistance,
141
–42

antibodies,
143
,
217
,
345
,
377
,
401
,
556
–58

Apinayé people,
13

apple trees,
41
–42

“The Apportionment of Human Diversity” (Lewontin),
208

Arabidopsis thaliana,
443

archaea,
139
,
144

archaeology,
178
,
225
–27

Archebaud, John,
159

Aristotle,
14
–16,
19
,
24
,
219
,
324
–25,
331
–32,
484

artificial insemination,
501
–4.
See also
in vitro fertilization

Aryans,
123
,
498

Asbury, Kathryn,
317

Ashkenazi Jews,
180
,
212
,
220
,
222
–24

Atabrine,
385
–86

Augustus Caesar,
253

Aurignacian culture,
226
–27

aurochs,
498

Australian Aboriginals,
448
–51,
467

Austro-Hungarian Empire,
221

autoimmune diseases,
389
,
536

Avdonin, Alexander,
175
–76

Avery, Oswald,
140
–41,
508

Ayash, Chen Aida,
541

bacteria

and cell division,
323
–24

and cell theory,
326

and CRISPR system,
143
–44,
488
–89

and discovery of genes,
124

environmental influences of,
564

and evolution of DNA-based life,
138
–42

and genetic engineering,
508
–9,
511

and immune response,
345
,
401
,
487
–89

and light organs,
406

and microbiomes,
407
–17,
466

and mitochondria,
144
–45,
417
–21,
466

and origin of eukaryotes,
144
–45

and paleogenetics,
225
,
247

Bailey, Harriet,
197

Baka people,
255
,
269
–70

Bakewell, Robert,
33
–36,
44

bald eagle evidence,
171
,
173
–74,
499

Bale, Tracy,
441

Baltimore, David,
523
–24,
527
,
534
,
565

Banfield, Jill,
488
–89

Bantu people,
233

Barnes, Jennifer,
447

Barrett, Helen,
313

Barrett, Louise,
270

Barry, Joan,
171
–74

Bartels, Friedrich,
312

Bateson, William,
60
,
137

Bath, Sarah,
306
–7

Beck, Tracy,
131

Begley, Sharon,
527

bell curve,
259
–60,
263
,
290
–91

Belov, Kathy,
393

Berg, Paul,
523
–24

beta-thalassemia,
510
,
512
,
525

BHH gene,
525

Bianchi, Diana,
387
,
388
,
390

Bickel, Horst,
126
–29

Bier, Ethan,
551
–55,
558
,
560
–61,
572

Biesecker, Leslie,
356
–57

bifidobacteria,
416

Binet, Alfred,
77
,
96

Blaine, Delabere,
395

Blashko, Alfred,
350
–51

Blattabacterium,
409
–10

Blood Groups in Man
(Race),
379
–80

Blood Group Unit,
377
,
379

blood testing,
380
,
386
–87

blood transfusions,
385
–86

blood types,
172
–78,
203
–4,
208
,
377
–78,
380
–81

blue tits,
456
–58

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich,
196

Bohannon, John,
537

Bonduriansky, Russell,
474
–78

bone marrow cells,
510
,
512

Boubakar, Leila,
343
–44

Boveri, Marcella,
353
,
392
–93

Boveri, Theodor,
352
–54

Boyle, Robert,
137

brain physiology

and cultural heredity,
469
–70

and epigenetics,
432
–34

and inheritance of behavioral traits,
429
–30

and intelligence research,
295
–96

and mitochondrial replacement therapy,
520
–21

and mosaicism,
368
–69

and Neanderthals,
236

and neurogenesis,
345
–47

Brave New World
(Huxley),
507

BRCA1 gene,
180

breast milk,
413
–14

Brinch, Christian,
309

Bronze Age,
228
,
562

Brooks, William Keith,
330

Brown, Louise Joy,
504
–5

Buck, Caroline (“Carol”),
107
–15,
120
–21,
126
,
131
–32,
317

Buck, Carrie,
93

Buck, Lossing,
107
–12,
115
,
126
,
131
–32,
506

Buck, Pearl,
107
–15,
120
,
126
,
129
,
131
–32,
506

bud sports,
349
–50.
See also
mosaicism

bumblebees,
454
–56

Burbank, Elizabeth,
64
–65,
486

Burbank, Luther,
30
–31,
42
–43,
48
–52,
61
–66,
80
,
376
–77,
443
–44,
485

Burke, Robert,
449
–50,
454

Burt, Cyril,
298
–99

Burton, LaVar,
179
–80,
220

Bushmen of the Kalahari,
292

Bygren, Lars Olov,
427
–28

Byrne, Charles (The Irish Giant),
253
,
255
,
273
–75,
351

Cabana, Graciela,
209

Caenorhabditis elegans
,
441
–42

cancers

and chimerism,
389
–401,
409

and exosomes,
442

and fertility science,
535
,
538
,
541

and genetic testing and counseling,
4
,
180
–81,
184

and
H. pylori
,
414

and mechanisms of heredity,
472

and mosaicism,
352
–55

and
pigmeitos
,
273

and radiation-induced mutations,
333

and role of immune cells,
324

and skin color variations,
229

Candidatus
Photodesmus blepharus,
406
,
411

cane toads,
571

canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT),
395
–97,
399
–400

Capato, Karen and Robert,
541
–42

carbon-14,
346
–47

Carmi, Shai,
224

Carnegie, Andrew,
62

Carnegie Institution,
62
,
79

Carter, Jimmy,
511
,
512

Cary, S. Craig,
409

Cas enzymes,
143
,
489
.
See also
CRISPR/Cas system

cattle,
48
,
370
–76,
378

cell lineages

and chimerism,
379
,
382
,
384
,
392
–93,
401

and embryonic development,
331
–32

and engineering of embryonic cells,
546

and ethical issues of scientific advances,
542
–43

and freemartins,
371
–76

and gene therapy,
510

and Lyon's research,
333
–38

and microbiomes,
413
–14

and mitochondria,
418

and mosaicism,
368
–69

and regeneration of various cell types,
344
–47

Celsius, Olof,
423

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
479

Centerwall, Willard,
129
,
131
–32

CFTR gene,
496

Chang, Joseph,
189
–90

Chaplin, Charlie,
171
–75,
383

Charlemagne,
165
,
189

Charles II,
26
–28

Charles V,
11
–12,
14
,
16
,
19
–21

Charpentier, Emmanuelle,
489

cherubism,
181
,
185

Chetty, Raj,
568

chickens,
41
,
324
–25

CHILD disorder,
357
–58

The
Child Who Never Grew
(Buck),
114
,
129

chimerism

and anxiety surrounding genetic engineering,
511

and complexity of heredity,
472

and contagious cancers,
391
–401

freemartins,
370
–77

human chimeras,
377
–87

and immune systems responses,
389
–91

microchimerism,
388
–90

and in vitro gametogenesis,
546
–49

chimpanzees,
229
,
240
,
255
,
414
,
446
–47,
458
–63,
466

China,
110
,
212
,
307
–8

Chinese Academy of Sciences,
524

Chittka, Lars,
455
–56

chopstick effect,
216
,
218

Christensenella,
415
–17

chromosomes

and bacterial reproduction,
323

and causes of PKU,
129
,
133

and chimerism,
380
–81,
386
–91,
393
,
398