Ship of Ghosts (77 page)

Lloyd Willey at Tayang
: Lloyd V. Willey, interview with the author. “
The Japs were very touchy
…”: Ibid.
A mood of “impatience, frenzy and bewilderment
”: Frank,
Downfall,
290.
The P-51 pilot captured and tortured
was Lt. Marcus McDilda: Ibid.
Tensions between Japan and Soviet Union
: USSBS interrogation of Admiral Soemu Toyoda, 318–319. “
Since this is the shape of things
…”: Frank,
Downfall
, 295–296, quoting a re-creation of the scene by Robert Butow, with modifications. “
The Imperial Army and Navy shall by no means return
…”: Ibid., 326–327. “
The wishes of the imperial ancestors
…”: Ibid., 318.
Imperial Palace coup
: Ibid., 317–321. “
A road to success will somehow be revealed
…”: Ibid., 308–309.
Surrender negotiations
: Ibid., 300–301.

“
Will they drop one on Saigon
?” Garth Slate, UNT interview, 214. “
Present plan tentatively approved
…”: Opero (Col. Amos D. Moscrip) to Bartlett, Aug. 16, 1945.
OSS personnel supporting Major Bartlett
: OSS, Opero (Moscrip) to Pattern, Aug. 16, 1945; OSS Headquarters to Major Max Small, “Personnel on Operations,” Sept. 5, 1945, 2. “
Cover is to be maintained
…”: Opero (Goodell) to Pattern, Aug. 23, 1945. “
As soon as we found out in this camp
…”: Charles D. Smith, “USS
Houston
(CA-30) and Experiences,” 23. “
Hollywood couldn’t have written
…”: James Gee, UNT interview, March 19, 1972, 120. “
I gave them a short talk
…”: OSS, “History, ‘MAINLAND, PETBURI’ Operation,” Lt. Col. Amos D. Moscrip Jr., to Strategic Services Officer, IBT, Sept. 18, 1945. “
While the pictures may show the men to look fairly healthy
…”: Moscrip, to Director, OSS Field Photographic Branch, “Operation Mainland,” Sept. 16, 1945, 3.
Rescued Americans in Operation Mainland
:
OSS, “Operation Mainland, Chronology of Principal Events,” 4, 9, 11. “
They circled out and dived and wig-wagged
”
and
“
Cheer up, boys
…”: Reynolds, diary, 234–235. “
Anyone having relatives on the crew of the
Houston
…”: Associated Press, “300
Houston
Survivors Found in Jap Prison Camp in Thailand,” dateline Washington, DC, Aug. 28, 1945. “
The appearance of the landing craft in the channel
…”: Commander Task Group 30.6, “Action Report Covering Evacuation of Prisoners of War,” III(1). “
With the end of the war, history started immediately to repeat
…”: Ibid., VIII(1). “
The hand that fills in the blank pages in the book of war
…”: Associated Press, “Tragic War Mystery Clears,” dateline Washington, Aug. 29, 1945.
Commander Maher’s visit with Captain Bahm
: Falloon, “My Brush with History.”
Maher on the USS
Missouri
: Maher, USS
Houston
(CA-30) Survivors Association reunion speech, Aug. 12, 1983, Dallas; papers of Charley L. Pryor. “
In many ways these weeks have seemed the most difficult
…”: Edward Miles Barrett, diary entry for Aug. 11, 1945.
Forsman’s release
: Melfred L. Forsman, UNT interview, 234; Barrett, diary entry for Sept. 1, 1945.
“The war is over”
and
“That’s impossible
…”: Forsman, 236. “
The last time that I had seen that flag
…”: Paul E. Papish, UNT interview, 171. “
They learned right quick
…”: Garth Slate, UNT interview, 226–227. See also Wisecup, UNT interview, 120, and Dan Buzzo, UNT interview, 223.

“
He had a piece of paper, like a government check
…”: Lanson H. Harris, speech, Long Beach Yacht Club. “
I put two and two together with the telegram
…”: Jane Harris, interview with the author. “
They treated us like real psycho cases
…”: John H. Wisecup, UNT interview, 122. “
What are you going to do when you get out
?” Ibid., 125. “
Do you know where the
Houston
was sunk
?”: James Huffman, interview with the author. “
That was bad for him
…”: Jane Harris, interview with the author. “
They asked me questions like, ‘Did you see this
…?’ ”: Lanson Harris, speech. “
You had a period of exuberance and then
…”: Wisecup, UNT interview, 126. “
He told us the importance of exercise
…”: James Gee, UNT interview, March 19, 1972, 56. “
I remembered the little amenities
…”: Charles,
Last Man Out
, 178. “
We watched these pretty-looking girls
…”
and
“
Why didn’t you let me know when I called you
?…”: Jess Stanbrough, UNT interview, 208. “
With the thought of finding my stepfather
…”: Charles, 176. “
When I first came back
…”
and
“
I couldn’t sleep
…”: John Bartz, interview with the author. “
I was flying for five or six years
…”: Lanson Harris, interview with the author. “
It came time when he was in twenty years
…”: Jane Harris, interview. “
I was absolutely lost, like a fish out of water
…”
and
“
I spent the next three months
…”: Otto C. Schwarz, UNT interview, 156–157.
The habits of a POW
: hot tea (Paul Papish, UNT interview, 149), burnt-rice coffee (Houston Tom Wright, UNT interview, 198), hard floors (Lloyd V. Willey interview), heads of lettuce (Donald Brain, UNT interview, 233). “
I resolved that although I might never be rich
…”: Stanbrough, 213. Jess Stanbrough passed away in 1999.
Charles, “determined that the war would not be the biggest thing
…”: Charles,
Last Man Out
, 189.
Encounter with
Pack Rat McCone
: Charles, interview with the author. “
If I had my way about it, I’d find forty-nine other ex-POWs
…”: Morrow, “Ex-POW Wants to Relieve Hostages,”
Escondido Times-Advocate
, A-1. “
I don’t know why, but all of a sudden
…”: Harris, speech. “
I always had the philosophy
…”: Schwarz, 160.

War Graves Commission activities
: Lomax,
The Railway Man
, 230.
Hirohito’s culpability for war crimes
: Bix,
Hirohito
, 360–367; Holmes,
Unjust Enrichment
, 128. “
Murdering, maiming, and ill-treating prisoners of war
…”: Brackman,
The Other Nuremberg
, 84–85. “
The law of war forbids
…”: Claims Committee, “Liberated Military Personnel (JAPAN), of Japan for Maltreatment of Prisoners of War,” 2–3, quoting
Moore’s Digest of International Law
, Vol. VII, 218. “
In so far as the rules set forth in the convention
…”: U.S. For. Rel., 1918, Suppl. 2, 7, quoted in Claims Committee, “Civil Responsibility,” 4. “
Japan strictly observes the Geneva Convention
…”: International Military Tribunal for the Far East, War Crimes Trial transcript, 49713–49714. Tojo made similar assurances regarding civilian internees, 49715. “
To observers in daily attendance at the tribunal
…”: Brackman, 254.
Tojo ordered “all prisoners of war to engage in forced labor
”: Ibid., 263–264. “
The Japanese idea about prisoners is very different
…”: Ibid., 267.
Death Railway chain of responsibility
: “General Outline of Construction Progress: Details of the Construction and State of Affairs in the Earlier State (from June 1942 to the middle of February 1943)” read into the trial record by prosecutor Sir Arthur Comyns Carr, Tokyo War Crimes Trials, Sept. 12, 1946, 5530–5536. “
The confession of the Japanese Army with regard to the Burma-Siam railway
”: Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, testimony of Sept. 13, 1946, 5570. “
Well, he ain’t going back to Korea
…”: Garth Slate, UNT interview, 229. “
I had a debriefing by a lieutenant colonel
…”: There will be no citation here. The testimony of the brave individual making this confession may be found in the UNT oral history archive for those who must find it.
Statistics of war crimes tribunals and convictions
: NARA, Interagency Working Group, “Japanese Interim Report.” “
Those words hung him
”: Lloyd Willey, interview with the author.
Nagatomo proceedings
: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Army, Military Court. “Trial of Japanese War Criminals, including Lt. Col. Yoshitada Nagatomo and others,” National Archives of Australia, http://naa.gov.au.
Compensation to ex-prisoners, and limitations on legal redress
: Reynolds, “U.S. Prisoners of War,” 4–7.
Multilateral Peace Treaty with Japan as
“
the cornerstone of U.S. security policy in the Pacific region
”: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims on the “Justice for United States Prisoners of War Act of 2001” (H.R. 1198), Statement of William H. Taft IV, Sept. 25, 2002. “
A great nation does not repudiate its treaties
,”: Ibid.
Mitsui Mining POW lawsuits
: Wu Gang, “Forced Labour Case Voided in Japan,”
China Daily
, May 24, 2004 (discussing the appeal of the Fukuoka District Court’s verdict). The Fukuoka High Court overturned the award on appeal, holding the claim to be time-barred.
www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–05/24/content_333378.htm
(June 7, 2005).
Apology of Prime Minister Junichiro
Koizumi
: Ueno, Teruaki. “Japan PM Apologises over World War Two Dutch POWs,” Reuters, May 2, 2005. “
If I had ever seen three or four of these guys
…”: Charley L. Pryor, UNT interview, Nov. 4, 1972, 120–121. “
When you harbor something like that
…”: Roy Offerle, UNT interview, 129. “
I wanted to volunteer to go to Japan
…”: Melfred L. Forsman, interview with the author. “
When the roof fell in, a great funnel of smoke
…” Stephen Crane, “The Veteran,”
McClure’s Magazine
, June 1896, in
The Red Badge of Courage and Selected Short Fiction
, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2003, 179.
River Kwai tourist culture
: Loeb, “Dreck Below the Bridge on the River Kwai,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, 1-A, and Andelman, “Ex-Prisoners and Captors Join in a Walk over Kwai Bridge,”
New York Times
, 66.
Perth
survivors after the war:
McKie,
Proud Echo
, frontispiece. “
The fact is, the ones that obeyed the rules
…”: Seldon D. Reese, UNT interview, 55. “
Well after almost 4 years our fate is to be decided
…”: Fujita, diary entry for August 11, 1945.