Southern Storm (101 page)

Lawrence, Alexander A.
A Present for Mr. Lincoln: The Story of Savannah from Secession to Sherman.
1961. Reprint, Savannah, Ga.: Oglethorpe Press, 1997.

Lee, F. D., and J. L. Agnew,
Historical Record of the City of Savannah
. Savannah, Ga.: J. H. Estill, 1869.

McCaskey, Glen.
The View from Sterling Bluff
. Atlanta: Longstreet Press 1989.

McMichael, Lois, ed.
History of Butts County, Georgia, 1825–1976
. Atlanta: Cherokee, 1978.

Moore, John G. “Mobility and Strategy in the Civil War.”
Military Affairs
24, no. 2 (Summer 1960).

Moore, John Hammond. “In Sherman’s Wake: Atlanta and the Southern Claims Commission, 1871–1880.”
Atlanta Historical Journal
29, no. 2 (Summer 1985).

Olson, Myke Eric Scott. “Greensboro.” N.d. http://myke.olson.name/papers/sherman/page10.html.

Perkerson, Medora Field.
White Columns in Georgia
. New York: Bonanza Books, 1952.

Rable, George C.
The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

———.
Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism
. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989.

Rice, Thaddeus Brockett, and Carolyn White Williams.
History of Greene County, Georgia
. Macon, Ga.: J. W. Burke, 1961.

Royster, Charles.
The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.

Russell, Preston, and Barbara Hines.
Savannah: A History of Her People since 1733
. Savannah, Ga.: Frederic C. Beil, 1992.

Shivers, Forrest.
The Land Between: A History of Hancock County, Georgia to 1940
. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Company, 1990.

Silver, James W. “Propaganda in the Confederacy.”
Journal of Southern History
11, no. 4 (November 1945).

Smith, Derek.
Civil War Savannah
. Savannah, Ga.: Frederic C. Beil, 1997.

Speer, Lonnie R.
Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War
. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1997.

Stern, Philip van Doren, ed.
Soldier Life in the Union and Confederate Armies
. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1961.

Sullivan, Buddy.
From Beautiful Zion to Red Bird Creek: A History of Bryan County, Georgia
. Pembroke, Ga.: Bryan County Board of Commissioners, 2000.

Walters, Katherine Bowman.
Oconee River: Tales to Tell.
1995. Reprint, Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Company, 2000.

Warlick, Roger K.
As Grain Once Scattered: The History of Christ Church Savannah, Georgia
. Columbia, S.C.: State Printing Company, 1987.

Williams, Carolyn White.
History of Jones County, Georgia
. Macon, Ga.: J. W. Burke, 1957.

Williams, Noble C.
Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life during the War
. Atlanta: Franklin, 1902.

Williams, T. Harry.
Lincoln and His Generals
. New York: Vintage Books, 1952.

Woodworth, Steven E.
Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West
. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1990.

T
he men who marched with Sherman from Atlanta to the sea hailed from some fifteen different states, with the preponderance representing the Midwest. Finding their words about and memories of this operation necessitated visits to nearly every one, with stops at numerous state libraries and historical societies. While my encounters were invariably helpful and professional, I did come away from the experience sobered by witnessing firsthand the difficult limitations under which some were forced to operate. Part of the challenge in undertaking research of this kind is adjusting travel schedules to match with important repositories that operate on limited schedules because of budget restrictions. Then there are limitations of space, parking, or equipment. At one state library (which will not be named) I came upon a useful microfiche collection that was utterly unusable because the machines needed to read the microcards had died and not been replaced. Yet throughout, I was struck by the dedication to their craft shown by the often unsung guardians of America’s historical legacy.

Several went above and beyond the call. For putting up with my numerous requests during a weeklong sojourn, a tip of the hat to the staff at the United States Army Military History Institute in their fancy new digs in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. For kindly helping me with access to material at their respective facilities, I’m grateful to Kimberly Richards of the Chemung Valley Museum and Matthew D. Norman of Knox College. Glen L. Bachelder kindly provided copies of an
ancestor’s Civil War diary by making copies from the limited-edition book he had prepared for his family. The Richmond Battlefield National Park’s Robert E. L. Krick dipped into his archive on my behalf to come up with some key letters from Georgia soldiers. A big thanks to Pam Knox, Georgia assistant state climatologist, University of Georgia, who helped me make sense out of the weather observations I had compiled.

Even with the miles that I racked up on my car’s odometer, I needed extra hands in many places. Yet again, Bryce Suderow was my principal researcher in the Washington, D.C., area. He not only located what I asked him to find but also uncovered material not on my search list, which often proved quite helpful. Outside of D.C. I called upon a small squad of researchers to cover places I couldn’t reach, or revisit an archive on my behalf to retrieve something I had missed in my stop there. With fingers crossed that I haven’t forgotten anyone, let me here express my grateful thanks to: David Cleutz, Mary Kathleen Clucas, Carolyn L. Garner-Reagan, Robert I. Girardi, Angie Hogencamp, David Hudson, Evan Jurkovich, Hannah Lee, Brian McGowan, Patrick Pospisek, Alan Rockman, Vincent W. Slaugh, Susan H. Truax, Eric J. Wittenberg, Peter Wyant, and Steve L. Zerbe.

An intense but relatively short-term immersion in a subject always benefits from the counsel of those who have lived with it for many years longer. In that regard, thanks to Roger S. Durham, expert on Fort McAllister, and William Harris Bragg, all-knowing about Griswoldville and pretty smart about the campaign in general. Another able Georgia historian, W. Todd Groce, gave me much to ponder regarding Ebenezer Creek, while Barry Sheehy guided me to many of Savannah’s extant 1864 earthworks. Daniel Brown, superintendent for Fort McAllister Park, shared research and information with me during my visits there.

Finally, thanks to my literary agent, Raphael Sagalyn, who knew when to check in and when not to; and to my editor at HarperCollins, Tim Duggan, supportive and blessed with a keen editor’s eye. HarperCollins editorial assistant Allison Lorentzen helped me bridge my twentieth-century computer knowledge with twenty-first-century devices, and copyeditor Miranda Ottewell helped keep me in line with the
Chicago Manual of Style.

As I learned long ago, the “facts” of history aren’t always as hard and
fast as we would like them to be. At various points in the narrative I had to choose among conflicting recollections and local lore; and while I always treasured the advice of individuals with knowledge of the subject, ultimately I had to decide among them. For those decisions, the buck stopped here.

Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

Acworth, Ga., 62

Adams, Robert N., 282, 386

African-Americans, aid Sherman’s men, 147, 531–32; Buckhead Creek incident, 327–28, 381–82; Confederate soldier treatment, 185; desire for freedom, 21, 47–48, 117–18, 136, 146–47, 154–55, 172, 176, 272, 304, 505–6, 530–31; Ebenezer/Lockner creeks incident, 372, 380–83; effects of campaign, 519–21; Georgians, 20–22; join Meridian Campaign columns, 47–48; mistreatment, 135, 261, 352; Sherman prejudices, 54, 518–19; transported to Hilton Head, 482–83; Union soldier reactions, 54–5, 117–18, 135, 176, 349, 422; Union soldier treatment, 135, 272, 310, 531–32; vignettes, 124, 145, 153–54, 156, 173, 185, 187, 191, 271, 352, 372, 467–68, 477–78, 482

Aiken, Francis B., 16

Alabama troops (U.S.): cavalry (1st Regiment, 116, 163–64, 218, 316, 387)

Alcovy River, 135, 142

Alexander, Ga., 342

Alexander, James, 221

Allatoona Pass, 38

Allen, Julian, 511

Allen, William Wirt, 336

Altamaha River, 449, 463

Ames, Lyman, 333–34

Amick, Myron J., 442; mission to contact fleet, 390–91, 401–2, 410–12

Anderson, Charles, wounded, 211

Anderson, David, 326

Anderson, George W., 376, 409, 417–18; Fort McAllister assault, 422–40

Anderson, Mrs. George W., 505

Anderson, Ruel W., Griwsoldville, 203–5

Andersonville, Ga., 18

Apalachee River, 144

Appel, Charles A., 196

Arcadia plantation, 449

Argyle Island, Union operations, 406–7, 414–16, 419, 453, 467, 469, 471–73, 476, 478–79, 481, 484–85, 488–89, 502–3

Army of Georgia, 48n

Army of Tennessee, 5, 12, 462; reviewed by Davis, 7–8

Army of the Tennessee, 48n, 547

Arndt, Albert F.R., 202, 204–5, 206–7

Arnold, Peter K., 326

Arnold, Richard D., 280, 490, 509; Savannah occupation, 510; Savannah surrender, 496–97

Atkins, Smith D., 159, 288, 336

Atlanta Campaign, 34

Atlanta Medical Collage, 87

Atlanta, Ga., civilians expelled, 35; destruction, 60, 62, 67, 77–8, 85–8, 89; entertainments, 60

Audenreid, Joseph C., 440

Augusta and Savannah Railroad, 533

Augusta Daily Chronicle & Sentinel
, 81, 95, 157, 168, 233, 353, 419, 454
Augusta Daily Constitutionalist
, 95, 143, 511
Augusta Register
, 279

Augusta Road, 355, 380, 383

Augusta, Ga., 9–10, 16, 416; considered a target, 70, 188, 225; defenses, 249–50

Babcock, Orville, 456–7

Baird, Absalom, 126, 292, 307–9, 319–20; Waynesboro, 335–36, 342

Baker, Daniel B., 155–56

Baldwin, Frank D., 110–11

Baldwin, Oliver L., 196

Ball’s Ferry, Ga., 218, 232, 255; November 23 fight, 227–28; November 25 fight, 251–54

Barber, Lucius W., 158

Barnard, George N., 358

Barnett, Nathan C., 17, 221

Barnum, Henry A., 495–96, 498, 499

Barr, Robert, 495

Basinger, Elizabeth, 499

Bay Street, 490, 504

Bear Creek Station, Ga., November 16 fight, 102

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 6, 113, 268–69, 479–80; coordinates Sherman response, 103–4, 128–9, 143, 157, 231, 255–56, 301–2, 352–53, 359, 392–93, 419, 468–69; considers Savannah expendable, 375–76, 391–92, 454, 468–69, 485–86; Davis meeting, 10–11; described, 10; Hood relationship, 65–66, 143, 231; placed in overall command of region, 11, 353; post-Savannah strategy, 516; proclamation, 128; reacts to Hood plan, 11; reacts to Sherman torpedo removal policy, 448; Savannah visits, 468–69, 479–80, 485; seeks reinforcements, 480; Wheeler replacement considered, 256

Beaverdam Creek, 349

Beecher, Henry Ward, 220–21

Bennefield, Willis, 21–2

Berry, Carrie, 68, 86, 88

Bethany, Ga., 297

Beulah plantation, 184, 219

Big Sandy Creek, 205, 209

Billings, John D., 536

Bircher, William, 393–94

Birdsville, Ga., 309, 311

Black Creek, 366–67

Black, William, 289

Blair Jr., Frank P., 69, 148, 163, 231, 251, 280–81, 481–82

Bloodgood, Edward, 111 bloodhounds.
See
dogs

Blue Springs, Ga., 144

Booth, John, 435
Boston Post
, 516

Boyd’s Neck, 298

Boynton, Henry Van Ness, 33

Bradley, George S., 325

Bragg, Braxton, 6, 188–89, 455; Augusta defense, 249–50, 268, 359; regional defense, 228–9

bridges, destroyed/repaired, 93, 107, 144, 263, 277, 305, 312, 316, 342, 349, 350, 358; taken intact, 97.
See also
pontoons

Brier Creek Bridge, 263, 342

Broad River, 298, 445

Brown, A. G., 507–8

Brown, Captain, 356

Brown, J. H., 431, 433

Brown, Joseph E, 510; abandons Milledgeville, 150–51; addresses Georgia legislature, 17, 113, 528–29; claims is not incapacitated, 189; disputes Confederate policies, 4; rejects Sherman overtures, 37; seeks furnishings returned, 368; seeks reinforcements, 130

Brunner, John F., 417n

Bryan County Court House, 367, 374

Buck, Wilson S., 379

Buckhead Church, 287, 288, 319

Buckhead Creek, 287, 309, 316, 320, 322, 327; December 3 incident, 327

Buckhead, Ga., 144

Buell, George P., 448–49, 478

Buffalo Creek, 241, 244–45, 246, 248

Bull Street, 504

Bull, Rice C., 325

bummers, 188, 233, 265–6, 531, 536.
See also
foragers

Burge, Dolly Sumner Lunt, 15, 145–6

Burge, Sarah (Sadai), 15

Burton, Ga. (CRR No. 9 1/2), 293

Bussey, Jack, 215

Buttrill Family, 105–6, 115–17

Byers, Samuel H. M., 525–26

Byrne, Edmund, 347

Byrne, Garrett S., 220, 222, 261

Cameron, Ga., 332

Camp Lawton, Ga., 18–90, 81, 95–96, 113, 130–31, 143–44, 158, 190, 276, 358; liberation mission, 262–64; Union soldier impressions, 325–26

Camp Sumter, Ga., 18

Canoochee River, 358–59, 366–67

Carlin, William P., 162, 235, 531

Carmen, Ezra A., 133, 486; Argyle Island operations, 467–68, 471–73, 478–79, 484–85, 488–89, 494, 502–3; Monteith Swamp fight, 377–80

Carswell, John W., 19, 287

Carswell, Reuben W., 178

Carswell, Sarah Ann Devine, 19, 287

Cartersville, Ga., 46, 59

Castle, George E., 439

casualties, Bear Creek Station, 102; December 7 action, 362; Fort McAllister, 439; Franklin, 300; Griswoldville, 214–5; Honey Hill, 299; Nashville, 463; Reynolds plantation, 291; Sandersville, 258n; Savannah Campaign, 542–43; Waynesboro, 343

Catterson, Robert F., 210, 212

Cedar Creek, 182

Central of Georgia Railroad, 3, 14, 17–19, 130, 158, 171, 190, 204, 223, 224, 232–3, 250, 255, 259, 266, 293, 296, 302, 309, 313, 317, 331, 405, 407, 506, 533

Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 392, 414

Charleston, S.C., 9, 189, 225, 280, 359, 375, 391, 454, 485

Chatfield, Harvey S., 495

Chesnut, James, 12

Chesnut, Mary, 12–13

Cheves’ Rice Mill, 408, 423, 425, 427, 432, 434, 436–7, 438, 439–40, 447, 455, 502, 503

Cheves, Langdon, 408
Chicago Tribune
, 95, 516

Church of the Immaculate Conception, 87

Cincinnati Daily Commercial
, 60, 95
City Exchange
, 490, 492

Clarke, John G., 391, 451

Clay, Thomas Carolin, 480

Clifton Ferry, 317

Clinch, Duncan L., 395, 407

Clinch, Nicholas B., 437–38

Clinton, Ga., 21, 150, 151, 152, 156, 529; November 20 fight, 156–57

Cobb, Howell, 113, 128–9, 231; addresses Augusta audience, 11n; Davis meeting, 3–4; Macon defense, 112, 194; plantation wrecked by Sherman, 186–7; seeks reinforcements, 84–5, 112

Coe, Albert L., 384

Cohen, Fanny, 20, 499

Cohen, Octavus, 20

Colerain plantation, 415

Colt, Mrs. Mary, 160

Columbia, S.C., 12

Columbus, Ga., 36

Combahee River, 516

Compton, John, 431, 435

Confederate Powder Magazine (Savannah), 497

Confederate Powder Works (Augusta), 250, 545–56

Connolly, James A., 126, 146–7, 274–75, 284, 291–92, 308–9, 319–20, 328–29, 335–36, 344, 348, 447, 482–83; Ebenezer Creek, 382; Waynesboro, 334–36, 344

Conyers, Ga., 109–10, 118, 126

Cook and Brother Armory, 195

Cook, Ferdinand W.C., 195, 200, 202, 203, 210, 454

Cook, William C., 338

Cooper, John, 235

Corse, John M., 156, 174, 282, 366, 374

Costley’s Mill, Ga., 109

Covington, Ga., 14, 127, 134

Cowart’s Bridge, 303

Crew, Charles C., 165

Cuyler plantation, December 9 fight, 384

Cuyler, Richard R., 386, 407, 417

Dahlgren, John A., 411–12, 432, 442, 443, 490, 493, 498, 500–501; Sherman relationship, 446–47, 455–56, 482

D’Alvigny, Peter Paul, 87

Dandelion
(tugboat), 410, 423–4, 427, 430, 432, 438, 442, 455, 459

Darien Road, 385

Davies, Y. R., 435

Davis, Jefferson (Confederate president), 156, 466, 473; advises Georgians, 128–29, 188–89, 229; Augusta visit, 10–11; Beauregard appointment, 10–11; Bragg temporary appointment, 188–89, 249, 268; Cobb meeting, 3–4; Columbia visit, 11–2; Confederate Congress address, 13; defensive scheme failure, 540–2; effigy hung, 156; Hardee meetings, 8, 9–10; Hood meeting, 5–8, Macon visit, 3–5; Montgomery visit, 8–9; opinions of Beauregard, 10; Palmetto visit, 5–8; reacts to Hood’s plans, 6, 7, 65; reassigns Hardee, 8; relaxes militia laws, 249–50; reviews Army of Tennessee, 7–8; Taylor meeting, 9

Davis, Jefferson C. (Union general), 142, 186, 285, 292, 303, 383; defends actions, 519–20; racial incidents, 163, 327, 380–3; racial prejudice, 327, 381

Davis, Mrs. William D., 160

Davisboro, Ga. (CRR No. 12), 251, 270, 280, 283

Dayton, Lewis F., 373, 439, 502

Decatur Road, 75, 89

Decatur, Ga., 82, 96–97

DeGress, Francis, 417n

Denham’s Tanyard and Leather Factory, 160, 169

Dennis Station, Ga., 176, 184

Dillon’s Bridge, 374, 389 dogs, 20, 98, 107

Downey, William A., 284

Downs, George “Wait,” 339

Drake, Milly, 352

Dublin, Ga., 232, 247

Duncan, William, 306, 442; mission to contact fleet, 390–91, 401–2, 410–12

Dunlap’s Hill.
See
Macon, Ga.

Dunwoody, H. H. C., 58

Early, Jubal, 293

East Point, Ga., November 15 fight, 79

Eatonton Factory, 152, 161

Eatonton, Ga., 18, 20, 21, 171, 381

Ebenezer Church, 370

Ebenezer Creek, 363, 370; December 8 fight, 361–62; December 9 incident, 380–83

Eden, Ga. (Bryan County Court House), 367

Eden, Ga. (CRR No. 2), 323, 359, 367, 372

Elkins, Mrs., 365

Engle, Charles, 498

Este, George P., 275

Estes, Llewellyn G., 263–4, 278, 443

Evans, Beverly D., 201, wounded, 212

Evans, William, 215

Ewing, Charles, 127, 246, 471

Ewing, Thomas, 24

Fair, Azora (Zora) M., 15, 137

Fallis, Leroy S., 276, 287, 288, 290, 292