Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier (48 page)

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX F
*

Space Budgets: US Government Agencies 2010

APPENDIX G
*

Space Budget: Global 2010

APPENDIX H
*

Space Budgets: US and Non-US Governments 2010

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ann Rae Jonas transcribed most of the speeches contained herein, performing this task with a strong sense of not only what I said but, more important, what I meant. John M. Logsdon, a historian of space exploration without equal, provided valued information and insights. Richard W. Bulliet of Columbia University edited my very first essay on space exploration, “Paths to Discovery,” which launched a subcareer of space commentary that continues to this day. Along the way, I’ve enjoyed conversations on our past, present, and future in space with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Tom Jones, Eileen Collins, and Kathy Sullivan; Congressman Robert Walker; author Andy Chaikin; scientists Steven Weinberg and Robert Lupton; and engineer Lou Friedman. I’ve further enjoyed conversations on national security with US Air Force generals Lester Lyles and John Douglass, US Navy commander Sue Hegg, and aerospace analyst Heidi Wood; and on NASA with space enthusiasts Lori Garver, Stephanie Schierholz, Elaine Walker, Elliott Pulham, and Bill Nye the Science Guy. I further recognize computer scientist Steve Napear for insightful conversations about the era of the great oceanic explorers and its correspondence with the era of space exploration. Lastly,
Space Chronicles
would not exist without the support and enthusiasm for my work expressed by Avis Lang, longtime editor of my essays for
Natural History
magazine and editor of this volume.—NDT

B
esides wanting to thank Neil Tyson for providing so many unexpected encounters with the cosmos, I am grateful for the literary and culinary assistance of Elliot Podwill; the graph-making skills of economist Anwar Shaikh; the perspective of Canadian space maven Surendra Parashar; the scrutiny of Norton Lang, Nivedita Majumdar, Fran Nesi, Julia Scully, and Eleanor Wachtel; and the troubleshooting of Elizabeth Stachow.—AL

INDEX

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

ABC, 232

Advanced Camera for Surveys, 140

Advisory Committee on the Future of the US Space Program, 221

aerobraking, 163

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, 169

aerospace industry, 73, 199–200, 206, 208–9, 237

technology integration and, 323–24

see also
Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry

Age of Exploration, 85

Airbus, 73

Air Force, US, 166

Albaugh, James, 221

Aldrin, Buzz, 14–15, 66, 86, 219

algebra, 205

ALH-84001 (meteorite), 48

Almagest
(Ptolemy), 65

Alpha Centauri, 178

American Museum of Natural History, xiii

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 11–12

Ames Research Center, 149–50

ammonia, 30, 92

anchor tenancy contracts, 308–9

Anderson, Carl D., 171

Anderson, John D., 248–49

Andromeda galaxy, 57, 239

Milky Way galaxy and, 118–19

Nebula in, 100

Antarctica, 76

Anti-Deficiency Act, 288

antimatter, 164, 170–71

Antitrust Civil Process Act, 311

Anyone, Anything, Anywhere, Anytime,
146

Apollo program, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, 109, 111, 133, 151, 154, 162, 168, 179, 195, 214, 219, 245

Apollo 1, 17, 66, 96

Apollo 8, 69–70, 145, 172

Apollo 11, 4–5, 7, 14, 21, 23, 69, 86, 88, 102, 112, 127, 144–45, 149–50, 196, 220

Apollo 12, 5, 198

Apollo 13, 112

Apollo 14, 3

Apollo 16, 198

Apollo 17, 17, 69, 132, 187, 188

Apophis (asteroid), 53

Apple Computer, 136

Arecibo Observatory, 28, 41

“argument from ignorance,” 182–83

Aristarchus, 34, 97

Aristotle, 34

Armstrong, Neil, 5, 14, 66, 69, 86–87, 111–12, 149, 187, 219–20

asteroid belt, 245

asteroids, 45–54, 103, 188, 201, 227, 228, 252, 255, 259

collision rates of, 49–50,
50

composition of, 46

cratering record of, 47–48

detecting and diverting, 52–54, 236

ecosystems and impact of, 51–52

impact records of, 45–46

impact risk of, 46–47, 49–51,
50

keyhole altitude range of, 53

near-Earth, 46–47

planet formation and, 45–46

predicting, 54

shock waves of, 47

Trojan, 117, 176

see also
comets

Astronaut Pen, 194

astronauts, 141, 145

Astronomy Explained
(Ferguson), 254

Atlantis space shuttle, 147, 162

atomic bomb, 50, 87, 97, 224

Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 274–75

Atomic Energy Commission, 274

Augustine, Norm, 146, 221

Australia, 239

aviation,
see
flight

bacteria, 246–47

ballistics,
see
orbits

Bean, Alan, 5

Belgium, 7

Bell, Jocelyn, 29

Bell Telephone Laboratories, 92

Bell X-1 (rocket plane), 109

Benz Patent Motorwagen, 213

Berlin Wall, 80

Big Bang theory, 92, 95, 129, 141, 176

biomarkers, 30

black holes, 71, 94, 139, 141, 142

Blériot, Louis, 110

Blob, The
(film), 35, 203

Blue Marble, The,
187–88

Boeing, 236

Bolden, Charles F., Jr., 146

Book of Predictions, The
(Truax), 218

Brazil, xiv, 7, 23, 73

Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, 170

Brooklyn Daily Eagle,
215

Bruno, Giordano, 217

Bush, George H. W., 7–8, 194

Bush, George W., 13–14, 15, 130, 224–25

administration of, 59, 209

calculus, 115, 247

Callisto (moon), 169

Cambridge, University of, 29, 257

Canada, xiv, 7, 168

Capital Space LLC, 146

carbon, 35–36, 101, 239, 240, 258

carbon cycle research, 325–26

carbon dioxide, 30, 40

carbon monoxide, 92

Cassini spacecraft, 82, 168–69, 198, 210

Huygens probe of, 138–39

Catholic Church, 34, 86

CBS Evening News,
145

centrifugal force, 173, 175

CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), 80

Cernan, Eugene, 14

Chaffee, Roger B., 66

Challenger space shuttle, 12, 96

ode to, 242–43

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 139

Cheney, Dick, 13

Chernobyl disaster, 168

Chicxulub crater, 50, 52

China, ancient, 235

China, People’s Republic of, 127, 162, 207, 215, 233

Great Wall of, 87, 207, 233

population of, 235

scientific literacy in, 230–31, 235–36

space program of, xiv, 7, 12–13, 22–23, 59–60, 79–80

Three Gorges Dam of, 22, 233

chlorofluorocarbons, 30

civil rights movement, 66–67, 69, 178–79

Clarke, Arthur C., 166, 175

Classification Act of 1949, 268–69

Clinton, Bill, 6

Close Encounters of the Third Kind
(film), 37

Colbert, Stephen, 186–88

Cold War, 5–6, 59, 80, 87, 111, 192, 200, 219

Collier’s,
111

Columbia space shuttle, 12, 15, 60, 96, 130, 142, 156, 199–201, 210

Columbus, Christopher, 8, 87

Comet Halley, 88

Comet Hyakutake, 47

Comet Ikeya-Seki, 88

comets, 103, 116, 255

eccentric orbits of, 115

ecosystems and impact of, 51–52

impact rate of, xi

long-period, 46–47

risk of impact by, 46–47

short-period, 46

water and, 48

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, 52, 88, 102

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008, 289

Commerce, Department of, US, 305

Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, 5

Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, 13

Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry, 146, 316–19

appointments to, 316–17

establishment of, 316

personnel matters and, 318–19

termination of, 319

Communist Party, Soviet, 121

Congress, US, xiv, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 73, 79, 81, 82, 143, 191, 192, 228, 314

see also
House of Representatives, US; Senate, US

Constellation program, 186

Contact
(film), 28

Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 310–11

Cook, James, 160

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRDAs), 303–8

Copernican principle, 34, 36

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 34, 97, 115, 118

Corey, Cyrus, 212

cosmic microwave background, 92, 94–95, 176

cosmic perspective, 258, 259–61

cosmochemistry, 30

Cosmos
(TV show), 256

Cosmos 1 spacecraft, 166, 170

Cosmos 954 satellite, 168

Cronkite, Walter, 145–46

culture, 72–74, 147–48, 210–11

Curie, Marie, 96

Curtis, Heber D., 98–101

Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien de, 217

Daniels, George H., 215–16

dark energy, 255

dark matter, 255

Darwin, Charles, 98

Deep Space 1 spacecraft, 164–65, 169–70

Deep Space Network, 246

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 125

Defense, Department of, US, 271, 274, 309, 312

De Forest, Lee, 218

Democrats, 4–5, 13, 224

Denmark, 7

De Revolutionibus
(Copernicus), 115

Descent of Man
(Darwin), 98

dinosaurs, 49, 103

Dirac, Paul A. M., 170–71

Discourse Concerning a New World & Another Planet, A
(Wilkins), 21

discovery, 84–103

funding for, 87–88

future and, 101–3

human ego and, 97–101

human senses and, 89–95

incentives for, 86–87

rewards of, 88–89

scientific, 98

society and, 95–97

space exploration and, 103

urge for, 84–86

Discovery Channel, 42, 231

Discovery space shuttle, 140

Disney World, 224–25

DNA, 240–41

Drake, Frank, 40

Drake equation, 40–41

Druyan, Ann, 256

Dubai, 5

Dulles, John Foster, 124

Earth, xiv, 26–32, 85–86, 97, 103, 259

asteroid collision rate of, 49–50

life on, 33–35, 47–48

orbit of, 115

risk of impacts to, 49–51,
50

study of, 227–28

viewed from space, 26–28

Earthrise,
69–70

Eddington, Arthur, 107

Education, Department of, US, 326

Einstein, Albert, 94, 97, 101, 161, 195, 248, 251

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 11, 123–25, 200

Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, 268