The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (89 page)

cardboard
.

A thin but stiff board made from paper pulp or sheets of paper, sometimes used as a
support
for paintings. Some of
Etty's
finest nudes were painted on the type called millboard. A large number of the best works of
Toulouse-Lautrec
are on cardboard as, also, are many paintings by
Bonnard
and
Vuillard
.

 
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(
c.
1576–1638).
Spanish painter and writer on art. He was a Florentine by birth (his name was originally Vincenzo Carducci ), but he settled in Spain when he was 9, when his elder brother,
Bartolomé Carducho
(originally Bartolommeo Carducci ,
c.
1560–1608), went to the
Escorial
in 1585 as assistant to Federico
Zuccaro
. Vincente was appointed a court painter in Madrid in 1609, and had a successful and prolific career, but he is now remembered mainly for his book
Diálogos de la Pintura
(1633). In this he defended the heroic Italian tradition (championing
Michelangelo
in particular), and excoriated the naturalism of
Caravaggio
. In a sense this was an attack on
Velázquez
, who had completely eclipsed Carducho at court. Bartolomé Carducho also had a successful career in Spain, becoming a court painter in 1598 and working on royal commissions in Madrid, Segovia, and Valladolid. He painted in oils and fresco, and was influential in introducing Italian ideas to Spain.

 
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caricature
.

A form of art, usually portraiture, in which characteristic features of the subject represented are distorted or exaggerated for comic effect. The term is sometimes used more broadly to denote other forms of pictorial burlesque,
grotesque
or ludicrous representation, such as the grotesque heads of
Leonardo
. The invention of caricature in the more limited sense is usually credited to Annibale
Carracci
, who defended it as a counterpart to idealization (see
IDEAL
): just as the serious artist penetrates to the idea behind appearances, so the caricaturist also brings out the essence of his victim, the way he should look if Nature wholly had her way. Many other leading 17th-cent. artists were brilliant caricaturists (notably
Bernini
), but the first artist to earn a substantial part of his living by caricature was probably Pier Leone Ghezzi (1674–1755). Political caricature as we know it today emerged in the last three decades of the 18th cent. It was perfected by artists such as
Gillray
and
Cruikshank
and it has remained a field in which British artists have shone; however, the greatest of all political caricaturists was a Frenchman,
Daumier
. Many leading artists of the 19th and 20th cents. have shown a gift for caricature, but mainly as a sideline.

 
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(1665–1731).
Italian painter, born in Udine and active mainly in Venice. He is regarded as the father of 18th cent. Venetian view-painting (see
VEDUTA
), for although he was not (as is sometimes asserted) the first to specialize in the genre, he approached it with a new seriousness, his training as a mathematician being reflected in his rigorous perspective settings. His paintings, and his set of over 100 engraved views of the city published in 1703, are the foundation on which
Canaletto
and
Guardi
built. A collection of oil sketches from nature in the Victoria and Albert Museum reveals his powers of lively observation.

 
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Carmichael , Franklin
.

See
GROUP OF SEVEN
.

 
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