The Confidence Code (29 page)

Authors: Katty Kay,Claire Shipman

Tags: #Business & Economics, #Careers, #General, #Women in Business

BOOK: The Confidence Code

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110
critical for integrating information:
Marjorie LeMay and Antonio Culebras, “Human brain–morphologic differences in the hemispheres demonstrable by carotid arteriography,”
New England Journal of Medicine
287, no. 4 (1972): 168–70.

110
diffusion tensor imaging:
Jung-Lung Hsu et al., “Gender differences and age-related white matter changes of the human brain: a diffusion tensor imaging study,”
Neuroimage
39, no. 2 (2008): 566–77; J. Sacher and J. Neumann et al., “Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: Evidence from neuroimaging,”
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3 (April 2013): 366–75, doi:10.1016/j.mri.2012.06.007; H. Takeuchi and Y. Taki et al., “White Matter Structures Associated with Emotional Intelligence: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging,”
Human Brain Mapping
5 (May 2013): 1025–34, doi:10.1002/hbm.21492.

110
A handful of studies:
Richard Kanaan, “Gender Differences in White Matter Microstructure.”
PLoS ONE
, 2012: 7(6); Richard Haier, “The Neuroanatomy of General Intelligence: Sex Matters,”
Neuroimage
, volume 25, March 2005.

110
blood flow and activity patterns:
Daniel G. Amen,
Unleash the Power of the Female Brain: Supercharging Yours for Better Health, Energy, Mood, Focus, and Sex
(New York: Random House Digital, 2013).

112
you guessed it, men rely:
L. Cahill, University of California, Irvine, “Sex-related Differences in Amygdala Functional Connectivity during Resting Conditions,” 2006.

112
anxiety and amygdala under control:
George R. Heninger, “Serotonin, sex, and psychiatric illness,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
94, no. 10 (1997): 4823–24.

112
it’s larger in women:
Louann Brizendine,
The Female Brain
(New York: Random House Digital, 2007).

113
as early as twenty-six weeks:
Reuwen Achiron and Anat Achiron, “Development of the human fetal corpus callosum: A high-resolution, cross-sectional sonographic study,”
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
18, no. 4 (2001): 343–47.

113
in their actual capabilities:
Alan C. Evans, “The NIH MRI study of normal brain development,”
Neuroimage
30, no. 1 (2006): 184–202.

113
boys in spatial ability:
Angela Josette Magon, “Gender, the Brain and Education: Do Boys and Girls Learn Differently?,” PhD diss., University of Victoria, 2009.

114
muscle size to competitive instinct:
P. Corbier, D. A. Edwards, and J. Roffi, “The neonatal testosterone surge: A comparative study,”
Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry
100, no. 2 (1992): 127–31.

114
and cooperating with others:
There’s fascinating research that found the testosterone levels of young boys, in the first six months of their lives, to be as high as that of boys going through puberty. That temporary testosterone wash may have to do with brain development, the experts speculate. W. L. Reed et al., “Physiological effects on demography: A long-term experimental study of testosterone’s effects on fitness,”
American Naturalist
167, no. 5 (2006): 667–83.

114
A number of recent studies:
Anna Dreber, “Testosterone and Financial Risk Preferences,” Harvard University, 2008.

115
they made riskier trades:
John M. Coates and Joe Herbert, “Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London trading floor,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
105, no. 16 (2008): 6167–72.

115
connecting and cooperating:
Amy Cuddy, “Want to Lean In? Try a Power Pose,”
Harvard Business Review
, last modified March 20, 2013, http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/03/want-to-lean-in-try-a-power-po-2/.

116
The finding of one experiment:
Nicholas Wright, “Testosterone disrupts human collaboration by increasing egocentric choices,” Royal Society of Biological Sciences, 2012.

116
different instincts from testosterone:
Louann Brizendine,
The Female Brain
. Brizendine offers a detailed sense of the impact of estrogen on personality.

116
in that disastrous year, 2008:
Heber Farnsworth and Jonathan Taylor, “Evidence on the compensation of portfolio managers,”
Journal of Financial Research
29, no. 3 (2006): 305–24.

117
there is growing evidence:
Henry Mahncke, “Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program,” 2006, www.pnas.org/content/103/33/12523.abstract.

117
one startling study:
Lee Gettler et al., “Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males,” 2011, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/09/02/1105403108.abstract.

5: The New Nurture

122
can cause real problems:
R. Baumeister, “The Lowdown on High Self-Esteem,’ ”
Los Angeles Times
(2005).

122
bear a lot of responsibility:
Kali H. Trzesniewski, M. Brent Donnellan, and Richard W. Robins, “Is ‘Generation Me’ really more narcissistic than previous generations?,”
Journal of Personality
76, no. 4 (2008): 903–18.

123
graduated exposure to risk:
Nansook Park, “The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
591, no. 1 (2004): 25–39.

124
and tolerance for hardship:
Amy Chua, “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,”
Wall Street Journal
, January 8, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754.

126
firstborn boys in particular, also suffer:
Andrea Ichino, Elly-Ann Lindström, and Eliana Viviano, “Hidden Consequences of a First-Born Boy for Mothers,” April 2011, http://ftp.iza.org/dp5649.pdf.

128
as a “growth mind-set”:
Dweck,
Mindset
.

133
women do to feel confident:
Jennifer Crocker, “Contingencies of self-worth: Implications for self-regulation and psychological vulnerability,”
Self and Identity
1, no. 2 (2002): 143–49.

137
as high as 50 percent:
Caroline Adams Miller, “Five Things That Will Improve Your Life in 2013,” last modified December 28, 2013, www.carolinemiller.com/five-things-that-will-improve-your-life-in-2013/.

6: Failing Fast and Other Confidence-Boosting Habits

149
getting physical with your thoughts:
Pablo Briñol et al., “Treating Thoughts as Material Objects can Increase or Decrease Their Impact on Evaluation,” January 2013,
Psychological Science
24 (1): 41–47 (published online November 26, 2012, doi: 10.1177/0956797612449176).

152
surprising boost of confidence:
Jennifer Crocker and Jessica Carnevale, “Self-Esteem Can Be an Ego Trap,”
Scientific American
, August 9, 2013, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=self-esteem-can-be-ego-trap.

163
and an optimistic mind-set:
Zak Stambor, “A key to happiness,”
Monitor on Psychology
37, no. 9 (2006): 34.

164
Sitting up straight will give you a short-term confidence boost:
Pablo Briñol, Richard E. Petty, and Benjamin Wagner, “Body Posture Effects on Self-Evaluation: A Self-Validation Approach,”
European Journal of Social Psychology
, February 25, 2009.

7: Now, Pass It On

168
learning has a big impact on confidence:
James W. Stigler and James Hiebert,
The Teaching Gap: Best Ideas from the World’s Teachers for Improving Education in the Classroom
(New York: Free Press, 1999).

169
through work and fierce effort:
“Japanese Education Method Solves 21st Century Teaching Challenges in America,” Japansociety.org, Japan Society, February 26, 2009, https://www.japansociety.org/page/about/press/japanese_education_method_solves_21st_century_teaching_challenges_in_america.

169
ubiquitous phrase
“good job!”:
Jean M. Twenge and Elise C. Freeman, “Generational Differences in Young Adults’ Life Goals, Concern for Others, and Civic Orientation, 1966–2009,” PhD diss., San Diego State University, 2012.

172
key attributes of confidence:
“Teenage Mental Health: What Helps and What Hurts?,” 2009, http://www.dcya.gov.ie/documents/publications/MentalHealthWhatHelpsAndWhatHurts.pdf.

177
to the breaking point:
Liz Funk,
Supergirls Speak Out: Inside the Secret Crisis of Overachieving Girls
(New York: Touchstone, 2009).

178
figure for boys is 18 percent:
OECD, “Gender and Sustainable Development: Maximizing the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women,” 2008, http://www.oecd.org/social/40881538.pdf.

182
A 2011 Catalyst survey:
Catalyst.org, “The Promise of Future Leadership: Highly Talented Employees in the Pipeline,” 2010, http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/promise-future-leadership-research-program-highly-talented-employees-pipeline.

185
do more harm than good:
Joanne V. Wood, Elaine Perunovic, and John W. Lee, “Positive Self-Statements: Power for Some, Peril for Others,” National Institutes of Health, July 2009.

8: The Science and the Art

197
everyone else, even the men:
Cecilia L. Ridgeway, “Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment,”
American Sociological Review
(1997): 218–35.

198
a recent Stanford University study:
A. O’Neill and Charles O’Reilly, “Overcoming the backlash effect: Self-Monitoring and Women’s Promotions,”
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
, 2011.

199
company’s mission, for example:
David A. Matsa et al., “A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas,”
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
, forthcoming.

About the Authors

KATTY KAY
is the Washington anchor for
BBC World News America
. She is a regular guest on NBC’s
Meet the Press
and MSNBC’s
Morning Joe
. She lives in Washington, DC, with her husband and four children.

CLAIRE SHIPMAN
is a correspondent for ABC News and
Good Morning America
, covering politics, international affairs, and women’s issues. She lives in Washington, DC, with her husband, two children, and a new puppy.

ALSO BY KATTY KAY
AND CLAIRE SHIPMAN

Womenomics

THE CONFIDENCE CODE
. Copyright © 2014 by Katty Kay and Claire Shipman. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

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